Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia Period 3

Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia The Sui Dynasty (589–618 C.E.) Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia Collapse of Han dynasty, succeeded by regional kingdoms for 350 years Yang Jian consolidated control of all of China, initiated Sui dynasty Claimed mandate of heaven as reason for seizing power Placed enormous demands on citizens to create a strong centralized government like the Qin dynasty 800 years earlier Massive building projects Military labor Conscripted labor The Grand Canal Intended to promote trade between north and south China Most Chinese rivers flow west-east Linked network of earlier canals 2,000 kilometers (1,240 miles) Roads on either side Period 3

End of Sui Dynasty While the Grand Canal was a financial success and helped integrate regions of China into one economy; it was a great financial and labor burden Sui Yangdi forced the Chinese to pay high taxes to construct the canal as well as conscripted labor This caused a lot of resentment towards the emperor Discontented subjects revolted in the late 610s Sui Yangdi was assassinated in 618 by a disgruntled minister in his government

The Sui and Tang Dynasties, 589–907 C.E. Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia The Sui and Tang Dynasties, 589–907 C.E. Period 3

Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia Tang Dynasty 618-907 Tang Taizong: Second emperor of Tang dynasty (r. 627–649 C.E.) Murdered two brothers, thrust father aside to take throne Strong ruler Built capital at Chang’an Law and order Taxes, low prices More effective implementation of earlier Sui policies Confucian Agricultural prices low Banditry ended Period 3

Achievements of Tang Dynasty Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia Achievements of Tang Dynasty Transportation and communications Extensive postal, courier services (8 days) Maintained inns, stables for travelers Equal-field system Land distribution was finally handled 20% of land, hereditary ownership 80% redistributed according to formula Family size, land fertility It was very effective for half the Tang dynasty Worked well until eighth century Corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries Rise of population also strained the land distribution formula Period 3

Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia Bureaucracy of Merit Early Tang dynasty most officials were aristocrats but by end of Tang dynasty most came from common families Like former dynasties, Tang used imperial civil service examinations Confucian educational curriculum Most candidates advanced through merit Educational opportunity widely available Built loyalty to the dynasty System remained strong until early twentieth century (13 centuries) Period 3

Tang Military Expansion and Foreign Relations Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia Tang Military Expansion and Foreign Relations Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet One of the largest expansions of China in its history Established tributary relationships like former Han dynasty Gifts to show loyalty China as “Middle Kingdom” therefore it had to control surrounding lands Kowtow ritual It was more for show, as the emperor didn’t have any real power in these tributary states The tributary relationship was vital for interregional peace and trade for everyone involved Period 3

Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia Tang Decline Governmental neglect: Emperor Xizong obsessed with music, favorite concubine Rebellion under An Lushan, former military commander, 755 C.E. Chang’an captured, but rebellion crushed by 763 C.E. Nomadic Turkish Uighur mercenaries, invited to suppress rebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyang Tang decline continued through series of ninth-century rebellions; last emperor abdicated 907 C.E. Broke down again to regional rulers Period 3

Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia The Song Dynasty, 960–1279 C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Period 3

Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia The Song Dynasty (960–1279 C.E.) Warlords ruled for roughly 50 years until Song Taizu Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts Smaller, less powerful than the Tang dynasty Military not emphasized and highly mistrusted Under direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r. 960–976 C.E.) Former military leader, reputation for honesty and effectiveness Made emperor by troops and offering nice cushy retirement packages to generals so they wouldn’t revolt Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants, expanded meritocracy Period 3

Song Weaknesses and Fall Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia Song Weaknesses and Fall Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy The imperial favor for bureaucrats swelled and put enormous strain on the treasury Two peasant rebellions in twelfth century when taxes were raised to pay for imperial favor Internal inertia prevented reform of bureaucracy Why would the “fat” bureaucrats change imperial favor when they benefitted from it Civil service leadership of military Bureaucrats lacked military training but led armies into battle Unable to contain nomadic attacks of the Khitan Nomadic Jurchen conquerors forced Song dynasty to Hangzhou, southern China (Southern Song dynasty) Jurchen created the Jin empire Period 3

The Economic Development of Tang and Song China Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia New agricultural, technological, industrial and commercial advances allowed China to become a an economic powerhouse of Eurasia Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, two crops per year Conquest over Southern China and incursion into Vietnam allowed for increased rice production New agricultural techniques: Use of iron plows, draft animals Soil fertilization, improved irrigation, including use of waterwheels Cultivation in difficult terrain, including terraced mountainsides These techniques were the foundation of economic development in Tang/Song Increased population Result of increased agricultural production Effective food distribution system Transportation networks built under Tang and Song dynasties Urbanization Chang’an was the world’s most populous city: 2 million Hangzhou : 1 million Period 3

Patriarchal Social Structures Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia Increased emphasis on ancestor worship Elaborate grave rituals Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased ancestors Wealth threatened patriarchy; response was stricter observance to protect Foot binding gained popularity Increased control by male family members Practiced by wealthy families Could not walk properly Wu Zhao (626–706 C.E.), the lady emperor Strengthened civil service system to undercut aristocratic families Was concubine to Tang Taizong, wife to Taizong successor then empress Organized secret police to monitor her opponents Held power until she was 80 years old Period 3

Technology and Industry Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia Porcelain (chinaware) Increase of iron production due to use of coke, not coal, in furnaces Agricultural tools, weaponry Gunpowder invented Earlier printing techniques refined Moveable type by mid-eleventh century Complex Chinese ideographs make wood block technique easier Naval technology Iron nails, waterproofed, watertight bulk heads, rudders Period 3

The Emergence of a Market Economy Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia The Emergence of a Market Economy With equal field system, specialized crops were grown since rice production was stable Letters of credit developed to deal with copper coin shortages Promissory notes, checks also used (flying cash) Development of independently produced paper money Not as stable; riots when not honored Government claimed monopoly on money production in eleventh century China and the Hemispheric Economy Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese cities Chinese silk opened up trade routes, but this increased local demands for imported luxury goods Period 3

Cultural Change in Tang and Song China Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia Cultural Change in Tang and Song China Declining confidence in Confucianism after collapse of Han dynasty Increasing popularity of Buddhism Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam also appear during the 350 years after Han empire collapse These new religions mostly served the foreign merchants that visited Asia Buddhism in China Sizable Mahayana Buddhist community in Dunhuang, western China, 600– 1000 C.E. Buddhist temples, libraries Buddhism attracted interest for moral but also practical reasons Economic success as converts donated land holdings Increased popularity through donations of agricultural produce to poor Period 3

Conflicts with Chinese Traditions Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia Conflicts with Chinese Traditions Buddhism: Text-based (Buddhist teachings) Emphasis on Metaphysics Ascetic ideal Celibacy Isolation Confucianism: Text-based (Confucian teachings) Daoism not text-based Emphasis on ethics, politics Family-centered Procreation Filial piety Period 3

Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia Schools of Buddhism Buddhists adapted ideology to Chinese climate Dharma translated as dao Nirvana translated as wuwei Accommodated family lifestyle One son in monastery to bring salvation for ten generations of kin Chan school; Zen Buddhism Pure Land school Persecution of Buddhists Daoist/Confucian persecution supported during late Tang dynasty Systematic closure of Buddhist temples, expulsions begun in 840s Zoroastrians, Christians, Manichaeans as well Economic motive: seizure of large monastic landholdings Period 3

Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia Neo-Confucianism Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia Song dynasty refrained from persecuting Buddhists, but favored Confucians Neo-Confucians influenced by Buddhist thought Philosopher Zhu Xi (1130–1200 C.E.) Deeply Confucian but was fascinated by the approach of Buddhism Compared to Plato Wrote Family Rituals Major cultural achievement Shows deep influence into Chinese society Lasting impact on other nations as well (Vietnam, Korea and Japan) Period 3

Chinese Influence in Korea Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia Chinese Influence in Korea Campaigns of imperial expansion brought Tang armies into Korea and Vietnam Silla dynasty in Korea: Tang armies withdrew; Korea recognized Tang as emperor Neither wanted a long military struggle so they compromised Technically a vassal state, but highly independent Became a tributary state of Tang dynasty The compromise helped Korea get access to Chinese trade rights Chinese influence on Korean culture pervasive As interaction increased with China, Korea began to model Chinese political and cultural structure Confucianism to upper classes, Buddhism to lower classes Period 3

Chinese Influence in Vietnam Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia Chinese Influence in Vietnam Viet resisted at first Vietnamese adaptation to Chinese culture, technology Ongoing resentment at political domination Asserted independence when Tang dynasty fell in tenth century Chinese traditions, Buddhism remained influential Viet kept most of their traditions Women had higher status than in China Period 3

Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia Early Japan Chinese armies never invaded Japan, yet Chinese culture pervasive Imitation of Tang administration Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence “Nara Japan” (710–794 C.E.) Strongest aristocrat family began to centralize power in the model of the Tang dynasty Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings Retention of Shinto religion (ancestor veneration) A good example of acculturation Period 3

Borderlands of Postclassical China: Korea, Vietnam, and Japan Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia Borderlands of Postclassical China: Korea, Vietnam, and Japan Period 3

Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia Heian Japan (794–1185 C.E.) Japanese emperor moved court to Heian Emperor figurehead; real power in hands of Fujiwara family Pattern in Japanese history: weak emperor, power behind the throne Helps explain longevity of institution The Tale of Genji Japanese literature influenced by Chinese models and Chinese language Classic curriculum dominated by Chinese Adaptation of some Chinese characters into Japanese syllabic script Aristocratic Japanese women made notable contributions The Tale of Genji, composed by Murasaki Shikibu Period 3

Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia Decline of Heian Japan Equal system failed in Japan as aristocratic families took land Civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans in twelfth century Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 C.E. Military rule in the name of the emperor Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to continue in Kyoto Minamoto family ruled for the next 4 centuries Period 3

Chapter 13 Resurgence of Empire in Asia Medieval Japan Kamakura (1185–1333 C.E.) and Muromachi (1336–1573 C.E.) periods Decentralized power in hands of warlords Controlled economic and land affairs Valued military talent and intelligence Military authority in hands of samurai Professional warriors Lords would rely on samurais to enforce their rule in territories Lords would repay samurais with food, shelter, clothing Period 3