Organic Reactions

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) Combustion Reaction with O2 – burning For hydrocarbons, products of complete combustion are CO2 & H2O Insufficient O2 – C, CO, & H2O C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

HCCH + ClCl  HCCH + HCl Substitution Start with a saturated hydrocarbon Replace 1 or more H atom with another atom or group. Get 2 products (swap). C2H6 + Cl2  C2H5Cl + HCl HCCH + ClCl  HCCH + HCl H H H Cl H H H H

HC=CH + ClCl  HCCH Addition Add across a double or triple bond. Start with an unsaturated hydrocarbon. Get only 1 saturated product. (1 answer) HC=CH + ClCl  HCCH C2H4 + Cl2  C2H4Cl2 H H Cl Cl H H

Esterification Organic Acid + Alcohol  Ester + Water HCCOH + HOCCCH  O H H H H = H H H H H  O H H H = HCCOCCCH + H2O  H H H H

Saponification Making Soap Fat + Base  Glycerol + Soap

H  C O = H OCC17H35 NaOH O = H OCC17H35  + O = H OCC17H35 FAT + Base  (Triglyceride)

H  COH O = NaOCC17H35 H O = + H NaOCC17H35 O H = NaOCC17H35 Soap Glycerol

Fermentation Sugars are broken down into alcohol + CO2 C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2CO2 zymase carbon dioxide sugar ethanol

What do the protein in eggs, the plastic in pop bottles, and the nylon in stockings have in common? They are all giant molecules called polymers. Poly means many Mers means parts

Polymers Very large molecules consisting of many repeating structural units. Analogy = chain consisting of many links Masses can be > 1,000,000 amu Monomer: Molecule from which a polymer is made. Starting material.

Natural Polymers Wool Silk Rubber Starch Proteins Nucleic Acids

Synthetic Polymers Plastics – polyethylene, PVC Synthetic Fibers – nylon, rayon, polyester Rubber Substitutes – polyurethane Polymerization = reaction that produces a polymer

Polymerization Reactions Addition: start with unsaturated monomers. Everything in reactants goes into polymer. Only 1 product, saturated. Condensation: monomers containing 2 functional groups combine with the loss of a small by-product, usually H2O.

Addition Polymerization segmer H H H H H H H H       CCCCCC         n C=C    H H Ethene = monomer n Polyethylene = polymer

Polyethylene Varieties Milk bottles, detergent bottles, oil bottles, toys, & plastic grocery bags Shrink-wrap films, sandwich bags, garment bags, grocery bags Bottle caps

Substituted Ethylenes H H C=C H CH3 H H H H H H H H CCCCCCCC H  H  H  H   CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 Indoor-outdoor carpet, upholstery

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) H H C=C H Cl H H H H H H H H CCCCCCCC H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl  Phonograph records, garden hoses, pipes Replace the H’s with Cl & you get Saran wrap.

Teflon F F C=C F F F F F F CCCCCC n 

Condensation Polymerization H H HOCCOH H H HOCCOH + H H H H HOCCOCCOH +  H2O

Condensation Polymerization Split out a small molecule such as H2O. Monomer has to have a functional group at each end.

Nylon - 1935 HOCCCCCCOH O O = = +  NH2CCCCCCNH2 O O H H CCCCCCNCCCCCCN n + H2O

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