COURSE OVERVIEW SOILS (1ST HALF OF COURSE) GEOLOGY‑ORIGIN OF SOILS PROPERTIES OF SOILS ITS PARAMETER ITS BEHAVIOR OTHER ASPECTS EARTHWORKS (2ND HALF OF COURSE) CONSTRUCTION APPLICATION OF SOILS - ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNICAL AGRICULTURAL NOTE: MAIN FOCUS IS GEOTECHINCAL APPLICATIONS

INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY STUDY OF OUTER ZONE OF EARTH IT CONSIST OF ROCKS SOIL WATER DEFINITIONS Rocks ‑minerals bonded by strong attractive forces Soils ‑ are a particulate material due to the disintegration of Rock ‑ IGNEOUS - SEDIMENTARY - METAMORPHIC

INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY (CONT.) DEFINITIONS: IGNEOUS‑ COOLING AND HARDENING OF MOLTEN ROCK CALLED MAGMA (I.E. GRANITES, BASALTS, RITYOLITES) ROCKS THAT ARE ACIDIC (NOT BASIC) I.E. GRANITES ARE GOOD FOR CONSTRUCTION SEDIMENTARY ‑ACCUMULATED DEPOSITS OF SOIL PARTICLES OR REMAINS OF CERTAIN ORGANISMS THAT HAVE HARDENED UNDER PRESSURE (I.E-LIMESTONE, SHALE, SANDSTONE,ETC) CAN BE RECOGNIZED BY THE LAYERED OR STRATIFIED APPEARANCE I.E. SHALE IS A HARDENING OF CLAYS AND SILTS (GOOD FOUNDATION MATERIAL)

INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY (CONT.) METAMORPHIC‑EXISTING ROCK CHANGES UNDER HEAT, PRESSURE, AND PLASTIC FLOW I.E. LIMESTONE TO MARBLE, SHALE TO SCHIST (IT BECOMES A FOLIATED ROCK(LAYERS)) WEATHERING FOR EXAMPLE CHANGES A SCHIST TO A SILT‑SAND MIXTURE WITH MICA NOTE: THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IS CONCERNED WITH STRENGTH, THE DRILLING, BLASTING, EXCAVATION, AND USE IN CONCRETE, ETC,

RESIDUAL .VS. TRANSPORTED SOILS RESIDUAL SOILS (DUE TO WEATHERING) REMAIN IN THEIR PLACE OF ORIGIN I.E. ORGANIC SOILS -COAL OR PEAT *I.E. BORING LOGS REVEAL THE HISTORY OF SOIL FORMATIONS (SAMPLE SOIL FORMATION) EXAMPLE #1 TOPSOIL(ORGANICS)---GROUND SURFACE LOAM(SANDY CLAY) SANDS-ALTERED MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION (I.E. M/F SAND, C/M SAND ARE HIGHLY WEATHERED) DECOMPOSED ROCK ROCK EXAMPLE #2 ASPHALT ------GROUND SURFACE FILL BOG SILT AND CLAY SAND

RESIDUAL .VS. TRANSPORTED SOILS(CONT) TRANSPORTED SOILS(GAVITY AND WTND) DEFINITION: AEOLIAN DEPOSITS ARE WIND TRANSPORTED SOILS I.E. LOESS ‑IS A WIND‑BLOWN SILT THAT HAS CEMENTED. IT IS ABLE TO WITHSTAND A SHARP NATURAL SLOPE (PG.11 TEXT) (I.E. MISS_ RIVER) GLACIAL MATERIAL REFER TO PG.14,FIGURE 1-6 NOTE: IT IS DIFFICULT TO BORE THROUGH GLACIAL TILL AND OVERBURDEN MATERIAL RIVER DEPOSITS ‑ RIVER DEPOSITED SOILS ARE ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS I.E. ‑MEANDERING RIVERS ARE AGING RIVERS AND THEY LEAVE SOIL DEPOSITS THAT EVENTUALLY FORM LAKES

RESIDUAL .VS. TRANSPORTED SOILS(CONT) BEACH SANDS ARE FORMED BY OCEAN CURRENTS AND TIDES GREAT CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL NOTE: EARTHQUAKES, PLATE MOVEMENTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL LANDFILLS ARE NOT COVERED IN THIS COURSE. HOWEVER, THEY ARE RELEVANT RELATED TOPICS