March 21, 2011 What are chemical compounds? Why are enzymes important? How does our current unit connect with the previous unit?

Chemical Compounds of Living Things 6 basic elements that make up living things: Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) Oxygen (O) Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (S)

CARBON Forms special, strong covalent bonds Forms 4 bonds! Defining element of ORGANIC compounds Biotic things Abiotic things are inorganic (ex: air, water, salt, CO2)

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Four groups of organic compounds: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, & Proteins Called Macromolecules or Polymers Composed of Monomers = “single units”

CARBOHYDRATES For every 2 Hydrogen, there is 1 oxygen Elements: C, H, O For every 2 Hydrogen, there is 1 oxygen Monomer (for complex): Sugar Often end in -ose Use: Major source of energy Types: Simple Sugars or Complex Sugars

CARBOHYDRATES Simple Sugars AKA Monosaccharide or disaccharide Use: Quick energy Monosaccharide Examples: Glucose Fructose

CARBOHYDRATES Disaccharide Examples: Sucrose (Table Sugar) Lactose (Milk)

CARBOHYDRATES 2) Complex Sugars AKA Polysaccharide Use: store excess sugar; long-term energy Examples: Starch, Cellulose (plant cell walls), glycogen (stored in liver), chitin (fungi cell walls, animal exoskeletons)

CARBOHYDRATES Dehydration synthesis: putting together two simple sugars to make a complex sugar water released Hydrolysis: Breaking apart complex sugar into simple sugar Water is used/consumed

CARBOHYDRATES Dehydration

LIPIDS Store energy Form membranes Insulation Elements: C, H, O More than 2 H for 1 O Ex. C6 H35 O6 Monomer: Fatty Acids Uses: Store energy Can produce 2x as much energy as carbs, but harder to get energy from lipids Form membranes Insulation

LIPIDS Types 1) Fats- solid at room temp Saturated: no double bonds, harmful! (ex. Butter, Crisco, etc) 2) Oils- liquid at room temp Unsaturated: at least 1 double bond (ex. Oils) 3) Waxes- solid at room temp

LIPIDS

NUCLEIC ACIDS Elements: C, H, O, N, P Monomer: Nucleotide 3 parts: Sugar (ring) Phosphate group (P) Nitrogen base (A, C, T, G)

NUCLEIC ACIDS Use: Help with cellular activity in body, carry genetic code Types: DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid (genetic information, found in cell nucleus) RNA = Ribonucleic acid (carries out instructions from DNA)

PROTEINS Elements: C, H, O, N Monomer: Amino Acids 20 different amino acids (ex. Tryptophan) R group is always different

PROTEINS Uses: growth & maintenance of cells carry out chemical reactions (enzymes: names often end in –ase) pump molecules in & out of cells gives cells the ability to move aids in muscle growth hair/fingernails (keratin) **Made via dehydration synthesis **Broken down via hydrolysis (see carbohydrates!)

PROTEINS

ENZYME FUNCTION Function of Enzymes affected by: Temperature Increase temp = increase enzyme function Decrease temp = decrease enzyme function Extreme temperature = enzyme breaks down (denature) and no longer works pH level (neutral is best) Enzyme concentration (more enzymes = faster breakdown) Concentration of other ions (salt, etc)