Bacterial community comparison of samples with the most abundant bacterial families (>0.5% mean relative abundance). Bacterial community comparison of.

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Bacterial community comparison of samples with the most abundant bacterial families (>0.5% mean relative abundance). Bacterial community comparison of samples with the most abundant bacterial families (>0.5% mean relative abundance). Illustrated are the samples for the upper lobe (UL), middle lobe (ML), lower lobe (LL), main bronchus (mBr), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lingula, trachea and oropharynx. Samples were grouped according to the site of the respiratory tract and disease status (controls, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) grade 1/2 and GOLD 3/4). The tree was produced with hierarchical clustering (hclust from the stats package in R using the ward method). Bacterial composition of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) GOLD 3/4 patients (mBr, UL, LL, BAL, pharynx and trachea) differed significantly from samples of controls and GOLD 1/2 patients, as measured by permutational multivariate ANOVA (adonis function of the vegan package in R) (p=0.001, stress 0.196). Moana Mika et al. ERJ Open Res 2018;4:00015-2018 ©2018 by European Respiratory Society