Targets of thiazolidinedione (TZD) drugs in Alzheimer’s disease.

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Targets of thiazolidinedione (TZD) drugs in Alzheimer’s disease. Targets of thiazolidinedione (TZD) drugs in Alzheimer’s disease. TZDs can bind to PPAR-γ receptors and other pathways that regulate energy metabolism in cellular and animal models of Alzheimer’s disease. In cognition and behavioral tests, these drugs increase the memory performance of the animals and also decrease Aβ deposits, accelerating amyloid plaque clearance. At more cellular levels, TZDs promote neuronal survival, differentiation, and synaptic plasticity and also increase phagocytosis and reduce neuroinflammation in both astrocytes and microglia. In the mitochondria, TZDs induce biogenesis and enhance the mitochondrial function observed by a rise in respiratory complex activities and decrease in oxidative stress. Finally, TZDs are capable of reducing τ phosphorylation through the inhibition of different kinase activities and the later formation of the neurofibrillary tangles presented in Alzheimer’s disease. Reprinted from Pérez MJ, Quintanilla RA. Therapeutic actions of the thiazolidinediones in Alzheimer’s disease. PPAR Res 2015;2015:957248. This is an open-access article distributed under the Creative Commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Brenna Cholerton et al. Diabetes Spectr 2016;29:210-219 ©2016 by American Diabetes Association