Isolated four-chamber working swine heart model Edward Chinchoy, PhD, Charles L Soule, BS, Andrew J Houlton, MD, William J Gallagher, BA, Mark A Hjelle, BS, Timothy G Laske, MS, Josée Morissette, PhD, Paul A Iaizzo, PhD  The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  Volume 70, Issue 5, Pages 1607-1614 (November 2000) DOI: 10.1016/S0003-4975(00)01977-9

Fig 1 Diagram of the in vitro perfusate circuit. The superimposed image of the heart is of an actual preparation. Perfusate enters the inferior vena cava into the right atrium, flows into the right ventricle, and is ejected through the pulmonary artery. Concurrently, perfusate enters the left side of the heart though the pulmonary vein into the left atrium, into the left ventricle, and is ejected through the aortic exit. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2000 70, 1607-1614DOI: (10.1016/S0003-4975(00)01977-9)

Fig 2 The steady-state flow versus pressure curve for the in vitro aortic exit cannula. Flow was measured as a function of pressure for the aortic cannula measuring resistance loaded against the left ventricle in vitro. In a passive fluid system, flow is unique to the pressure difference across the system. Ideally, this aortic cannula fluid resistance curve is the same as the systemic resistance of the swine under physiologic conditions. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2000 70, 1607-1614DOI: (10.1016/S0003-4975(00)01977-9)

Fig 3 Sample waveforms collected at three stages (stages 1, 3, and 4) leading to explantation. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2000 70, 1607-1614DOI: (10.1016/S0003-4975(00)01977-9)

Fig 4 Dynamic images of cardiac movement. Serial at 0.06 second increments (smaller increments possible), obtained by use of an IC6C-13 and ILV-C1 (Olympus Optical Co, Ltd, USA) scope. Shown in series are: (A) pulmonary valve, where the camera was located in the outflow cannula of the pulmonary artery; (B) aortic valve viewed from above through the aorta; (C) aortic valve from below. For these latter images, the camera was fed through a port placed into the left atrial appendage and passed through the left atrium and into the ventricle with the camera articulated upward toward the outflow cannula (the aortic cannula can be seen when the valve is open). (D) Anterior papillary muscle of the mitral valve and movements of the mitral valve, and (E) the mitral valve. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2000 70, 1607-1614DOI: (10.1016/S0003-4975(00)01977-9)

Fig 5 Product testing and cardiac evaluation. Examples of device–heart interaction are shown using the methods described in Figure 4. (A) Pacing lead, Medtronic model 5554, implanted in the right atrial appendage. (B) Defibrillation lead, Medtronic model 6945, implanted in the right ventricular outflow tract. (C) Temporary pacing lead, Medtronic model 6416, on the right atrial lateral wall. (D) Radio frequency tissue ablation along the right atrial septal wall. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2000 70, 1607-1614DOI: (10.1016/S0003-4975(00)01977-9)