Structure II Course Code: ARCH 209 Dr. Aeid A. Abdulrazeg

Introduction STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS AND FRAMES The complete building structure can be broken down into the following elements:

Typical Structure

Typical Structure

Structural Loading All structures are subjected to loading from various sources. The main categories of loading are: Dead Loads: Dead loads are loads which are due to the effects of gravity, i.e. the self-weight of all permanent construction such as beams, columns, floors, walls, roofs and finishes. Imposed Loads: It loads act on a structure in the use of the building due to the nature of use , activities due to people, machinery installations and external natural forces. Live Load Snow load Wind Loads Load imposed by rain Seismic force Soil and hydrostatic forces Erection load

Live Load: Live load on buildings Live load on bridges

Imposed Loads: BS 6399-1:1996 (Clauses 5.0 and 6.0)

Wind load Wind loads are very important in the case of tall structures and maximum wind velocity, which depends upon the region and location.

Load Combinations The method in most codes is based on the use of characteristic values and partial safety factors.

Load Distribution One- Way Slab Two- Way Slab

One- Way Slab

Example Consider the floor plan shown in Figure where two one-way spanning slabs are supported on three beams AB, CD and EF. Both slabs are assumed to be carrying a uniformly distributed design load of 5 kN/m2.

Example Consider the same floor plan as in Previous example but now with the floor slabs two-way spanning, as shown in Figure. Since both slabs are two-way spanning, their loads are distributed to supporting beams on all four sides assuming a 45o dispersion as indicated in Figure.