C = 2 Gibbs phase rule F = C – P + 2 Pressure Temp. Comp. xA F = 3

Partial molar quantities

Thermodynamics of ideal mixing gases/liquids

Thermodynamics of mixing liquids Ideal mixing (Raoult)

Thermodynamics of mixing liquids Non-ideal mixing

Vapour liquid diagrams Ideal solution (Raoult)

Vapour liquid diagrams Ideal solution (Raoult)

Vapour pressure diagrams C = 2 Vapour pressure diagrams Ideal solution

Vapour pressure diagrams C = 2 Vapour pressure diagrams Ideal solution

Vapour pressure diagrams C = 2 Vapour pressure diagrams Ideal solution

Vapour pressure diagrams C = 2 Vapour pressure diagrams Ideal solution

Vapour pressure diagrams C = 2 Vapour pressure diagrams Fixed T P = 1 P = 2 F’ = C – P + 1 F = C – P + 2 P = 1 Ideal solution

{ C = 2 Lever rule Isopleth Tie line P = 1 P = 2 Lever rule P = 1 Phase α Type equation here. P = 1 P = 2 𝑙 β 𝑙 α 𝑛 α 𝑙 α = 𝑛 β 𝑙 β Phase β Lever rule P = 1

Pressure-composition diagrams F = 3 F = 0 F = 1 Temp. F = 2 Comp. xA Temperature-composition diagrams

Pressure-composition diagrams Fixed T Pressure F = 3 F = 0 F = 1 Temp. F = 2 Comp. xA

Temperature-composition diagrams Pressure F = 3 F = 0 F = 1 Temp. Fixed P F = 2 Comp. xA Temperature-composition diagrams

Pressure-composition diagrams Ideal solution Fixed T

Temperature-composition diagrams Ideal solution P = 1 P = 2 (Clapeyron) P = 1 F = C – P + 2 Fixed P F’ = C – P + 1

Temperature-composition diagrams vapour GE = 0 liquid GE < 0

Temperature-composition diagrams GE >> 0 vapour GE = 0 liquid Non-ideal solutions GE < 0 GE << 0

Temperature-composition diagrams GE >> 0 Non-ideal solutions vapour GE = 0 liquid GE < 0 GE << 0

Temperature-composition diagrams vapour P = 1 P = 2 P = 1 vapour liquid P = 2 liquid P = 2 P = 1 Low boiling azeotrope High boiling azeotrope H2O/Eth: 4 wgt%H2O @ 78°C H2O/HCl: 80 wgt%H2O @ 108.6°C

Impossible azeotropes C = 2 Impossible azeotropes would lead to g-g separation

Cl4ethene/cyclopentene { Non-ideal mixing (Excess functions) Benzene/cyclohexane Ideal Regular Quasi regular SE =0 ≠0 HE Cl4ethene/cyclopentene

Regular solution -T = (Regular solution: HE ≠ 0) (Regular solution: SE = 0)

Regular solution -T = (Regular solution: HE ≠ 0)

Regular solution -T = (Regular solution: HE ≠ 0) (Regular solution: SE = 0)

Regular solution -T = (Regular solution: HE ≠ 0) (Regular solution: SE = 0)

Liquid-liquid separation for Regular solution