Hyperglycemic Crisis ພາວະນໍ້າຕານສູງວິກິດ

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Presentation transcript:

Hyperglycemic Crisis ພາວະນໍ້າຕານສູງວິກິດ Bounmy SOMSAMOUTH.MD. Department of endocrinology Setthathirath hospital

ກໍລະນີສຶກສາ ຄົນເຈັບເພດຊາຍ ອາຍຸ15ປີ ສົ່ງເຂົ້າມາສຸກເສີນ ຍ້ອນບໍ່ຮູ້ສຶກຕົວ ປະຫວັດພະຍາດປະຈຸບັນ: ຄົນເຈັບບໍ່ຮູ້ສຶກຕົວປະມານ4ຊົ່ວໂມງກ່ອນຖືກນໍາມາສຸກເສີນກ່ອນໜ້າ3ວັນມີອາການດື່ມຫລາຍ ກີນຫລາຍ ທຽວເບົາຕະຫລອດ ປະຫວັດການໃຊ້ຢາ: ສັກ insulin NPH 20+8unit s/c ຂາດສັກຢາ > 5 ວັນ ປະຫວັດພະຍາດຜ່ານມາ: DM type1 >3y

P/E unconscious, warm skin all systems are normal Vital signs Bp130/80 Pulse 100b/mn heart rate tachycardia RR 13b/mn P/E unconscious, warm skin all systems are normal What is differential diagnosis?

Objectives ຈຸດປະສົງ ພື້ນຖານຂອງ Diabetic ketone acidosis (DKA), ພື້ນຖານ Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) ອາການແລະການບົ່ງມະຕິຂອງ DKA, HHS. ການຕິດຕາມແລະການປີ່ນປົວເບື້ອງຕົ້ນ ກະປະຄັບປະຄອງແລະການຕິດຕາມຕໍ່ເນື່ອງ ອາການສົນ (Complication )

What is diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)? DKAແມ່ນຫຍັງ? ແມ່ນການຂາດ Insulin ຢ່າງສີ້ນເຊີງຫຼືມີນ່ອຍທີ່ສຸດທີ່ບໍສາມາດນໍາເອົາ ນໍ້າຕານເຂົ້າສູ່ກ້າມຊີ້ນແລະອະໄວຄະວະອື່ນໆທີ່ມາໃຊ້ເປັນພະລັງງານໄດ້ຈື່ງມີການເຜົາຜານທາດໄຂມັນໃນຮ່າງມາໃຊ້ເປັນພະລັງງານຈາກນັ້ນ ຈື່ງເກີດມີ Ketone bodies ແລະກາຍເປັນ High anion gap metabolic acidosis ສົມທົບກັບມີການເພີ່ມຂື້ນຂອງ hormone ທີ່ກະຕູ້ນໃຫ້ນໍ້າຕານຂື້ນ ( levels of counter-Œ regulary hormone (in type 1)) ສາລິລະພະຍາດຂອງ DKA is metabolic acidosis.

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state ແມ່ນຫຍັງ? ແມ່ນຮ່າງກາຍມີການຕ້ານຕໍ່ Insulin: ແຕ່ລະດັບຂອງ insulin ຍັງມີພຽງພໍໃນການປ້ອງກັນການເຜົາຜານທາດໄຂ ມັນມາເປັນພະລັງງານ ດັ່ງ ນັ້ນຮ່າງກາຍຈື່ງ ບໍ່ເກີດພະວະ ketonebodies Glucose levels > 600mg/dl ສາລິລະພະຍາດຂອງ HHS ແມ່ນ hyperosmolarity

ອັດຕາການຕາຍແລະປັດໃຈສ່ຽງທີ່ພາໃຫ້ ເກີດການຕາຍ HHS ~11% DKA < 5% ປັດໃຈສ່ຽງທີ່ເປັນສາຍເຫດຂອງການຕາຍ: 1. old age 2. coma at presentation 3. hypotension 4. hypothermia

ອາການສະແດງອອກທັງclinic ຂອງDKA ຫີວນໍ້າ, ຍ່ຽວຫຼາຍ1-2 ມື້ ກ່ອນມີອາການ ປວດຮາກ ແລະ ຮາກ (Nausea, and vomiting) ເຈັບທ້ອງຮຸນແຮງແລະກະທັນຫັນ (Acute abdominal pain) ໄຂ້ຮຸນແຮງ (Acute illness fever (infection ú common pneumonia, UTI) ອ່ອນເພັຍ (Weakness ) ຕາມົວ (Blurry vision) ລົມຫາຍໃຈມີກີ່ນ ketotic (Ketotic odor in breath) ຂາປັ້ນ Leg cramps --

ອາການທັງclinic ຂອງDKA ກວດກາຮ່າງກາຍ (Physical Examination): ຫາຍໃຈແບບ kussmal respiration ມີອາການຂອງການຂາດນໍ້າ Dehydration (dry mucous membrane, poor skin turgor,Hypotension, tachycardia) ອຸຫະພູມຕໍ່າ Mild hypothermia ເວົາຈາສັບສົນ Confusion, drowsiness ເຂົ້າ Coma

ອາການທັງclinic ຂອງHHS ອາການ ຂາດນໍ້າ Dehydration ສະຕິບໍ່ດີ Consciousness Confusion, semi coma, coma ສູນເສັຍລະບົບປະສາດສູນກາງ Focal neurological deficit, seizure

Precipitating events of DKA, HHS Omission of diabetes therapy Infection: --Œ Pneumonia Œ UTI Œ Sepsis Œ Abscess Vascular events: Œ stroke Œ MI Trauma Drugs

Sympathomimetic agents (dobutamine) Diuretics: thiazides ຢາທີ່ມີຜົນຕໍ່ການເຜົາຜານທາດນໍ້າຕານ Drugs that affect carbohydrate metabolism Steroids Sympathomimetic agents (dobutamine) Diuretics: thiazides Beta-Œblockers (propranolol) Calcium channel blockers H2 blockers (cimetidine) Phenytoin protease inhibitors

ຫຼັກເກນໃນບົ່ງມະຕິ DKA ລະດັບນໍ້າຕານໃນເລືອດຕ້ອງ>250mg/dl (Blood glucose level > 250mg/dl) Arterial pH < 7.3 Bicarbonate <15mEq/l Moderate ketonemia or ketonuria

ເກນໃນການບົ່ງມະຕິ HHS (HHS diagnosis criteria) ລະດັບນໍ້າຕານໃນເລືອດຕ້ອງ >600mg/dl Arterial pH >7.3 Bicarb >15mEq/L Effective serum osmolarity >320mosm/kg Mild ketonemia or ketonuria

Chart: Diagnosis Criteria for DKA,HHS ____________________________________________ DkA HHS ______________________________________ Mild moderate severe ________________________________________________________ Plasma glucose (mg/dl) >250 >250 >250 >600 Arterial pH 7.25-7.30 7.00-7.23 <7.00 >7.30 Serum bicarbonate (mEq) 15-18 10to<15 <10 >15 Urine ketones Positive Positive Positive small Serum ketones Positive Positive Positive small Effective serum variable Variable variable >320 Osmolarity Anion gap >10 >12 >12 Variable Alteration in sensorium Alert Alert/drowsy stupor/coma stupor/coma Mental obtundation

ການວິເຄາະ Investigation Blood sugar confirm CBC BUN Creatinine Electrolyte Arterial blood gas LFT Serum ketone Serum amylase U/A EKG CXR

CBC: leukocytosis depends on degree of ketone body concentration WBC >30,000cell/cu.mm usually have infection AST, ALT, LDH: increase Hypercholesterolemia, hyper triglyceridemia Serum amylase: increase

ການບົ່ງມະຕິຈໍາແນກ Differential Diagnosis DKA, HHS. Alcoholic ketoacidosis Starvation ketoacidosis (BS<250mg/dl, no history of DM) High anion gap metabolic acidosis (eg lactic acidosis, salicylate, methanol, ethanol ingestion)

ການຕິດຕາມແລະການປິ່ນປົວຄົນເຈັບໃນເບື້ອງຕົ້ນ Evaluation and initial treatment patient ອາການຊີວິດ Vital signs ບໍລິມາດນໍ້າ Volume status ປັດໃຈທີ່ກໍ່ໃຫ້ເກີດ Precipitating factors (Volume deficit in HHS=9 L, and 6 L in DKA)

Estimated volume deficit on Physical Examination Clinical finding % dehydration Estimated volume Decreased tissue turgor 5 1L Orthostatic change in pulse alone 10 2L Orthostatic change in pulse and Pressure 15------- - -20 3-- -4L (>15/10mmHg) Supine hypotension or sepsis >20 >4

ການປີ່ນປົວ DKA HHS (Initial treatment of DKA and HHS) Fluid Therapy ການໃຫ້ນໍ້າ Insulin Therapy ການປິ່ນປົວດ້ວຍ insulin Potassium Therapy ການທົດແທນ ໂປຕາໂຊມ Bicarbonate Therapy ການທົດແທນ ບີກາກໂບນັດ

Fluid Therapy ການສານນໍ້າ ຊົ່ວໂມງທໍາອິດ:ນໍ້າທີ່ຄວນເລືອກຄື NSS ອັດຕຣາ 1-1,5ລິ/ຊົ່ວໂມງ2ml/kg ພາຍໃນ 1ຊົ່ວໂມງ ການໃຫ້ນໍ້າຢ່າງທັນໃດຈະເຮັດໃຫ້ບໍລິມາດນໍ້າດີຂື້ນ ພານໃຫ້ການໝຸນວຽນຂອງເລືອດໃນໄຂ່ຫຼັງດີຂື້ນ increase renal blood flow ເພີ່ມການນໍ້າຕານອອກທັງໄຂ່ຫຼັງ increase glucosuria ລົດລະດັບນໍ້າຕານໃນເລືອດ Decrease blood glucose levels

Fluid Therapy ການທົດແທນສານນໍ້າ ຊົ່ວໂມງທີສອງ: ການທົດແທນສານນໍ້າຂື້ນຢູ່ກັບການເສຍນໍ້າແລະທາດເກືອແຮ່ (Second Hour: fluid for continued repletion depends on hydration status, electrolytes )

Fluid Therapy ການທົດແທນສານນໍ້າ ການໃຫ້ນໍາໃນເດັກນ້ອຍເກີນໄປສາມາດເກີດ ສະໝອງບວມໄດ້ . ໃນການປະເມີນນໍ້າຄວນຕິດຕາມໂດຍການໄຊ້ (CVP,HR, BP) ແລະນໍ້າຍ່ຽວ (urine out put)

Fluid Therapy ການທົດແທນສານນໍ້າ ຕິດຕາມ serum electrolyte, ການຂາດນໍ້າ Follow up serum electrolytes, hydration ທົດແທນນໍ້າປະມານ 4----Œ-14ml/kg/hr ຫຼັງຈາກຊົ່ວໂມງທໍາອິດ ທົດແທນການເສຍນໍ້າໃຫ້ພຽງພໍພາຍໃນ24hrທໍາອິດ

Chart:calculation for management of DKA,HHS Calculation of anion gap Gag=[Na] - [cl+HCO3] ( Nor 7-9) ____________________________________________________ Calculation of effective serum osmolarity Osmolarity= 2[measuredNa] + [glucose]/18 (Nor 285 ± 5) Corrected serum Na= [Na]+1.(glucose-100) 100 ___________________________________________________ Total body water deficit Total body deficit (L) = 0.6xBMx 1-140 Na

InsulinTherapy ການປິ່ນປົວດ້ວຍ insulin ການໃຫ້ insulinໃນ DKAແລະ HHS ໃນຊົ່ວໂມງທໍາອິດແມ່ນຄືກັນ ໃຫ້Regular insulin 0.15unit/kg (10unit) IVbolus ຕາມດ້ວຍ regular insulin IV drip 0.1unit/kg/hr (5-7unit/hr) Plasma glucose level ຄວນລົດລົງ 50-75mg/dL/ hour Insulin infusionສາມາດຄຸນ 2ເທົ່າຖ້າລະດັບນໍ້າຕານ ບໍ່ໄດ້ຕາມເປົ້າໝາຍ ເປົ້າໝາຍຢາກໄດ້ຄື 50-75mg/dL/ hour

Insulin Therapy ການປິ່ນປົວດ້ວຍ insulin ການສືບຕໍ່ການທົດແທນນໍ້າມີຄວາມສໍາຄັນ 2. ເວລາplasma glucose level< 250mg/dl in DKA and <300mg/dl in HHS 3. ປ່ຽນນໍ້າມາເປັນ D5NS,1/2NS 4. ປະຄັບປະຄອງ blood glucoseໃຫ້ຢູ່ລະຫວ່າງ 120ຫາ180mg/dl ຈົນກ່ວາ DKA ຈະດີຂື້ນ

ການປິ່ນປົວດ້ວຍ insulin ເປົ້າໝາຍໃນການປີ່ນປົວ DKAແມ່ນເພື່ອແກ້ໄຂ acidosis ກໍລະນີເກີດ hypoglycemia, ແຕ່acidosis ຍັງບໍ່ທັນດີຂື້ນໃຫ້ ສືບຕໍ່ໃຫ້ insulin infusion ໃຫ້ສີດ glucose 50% 1-2a iv ແລະໃຫ້ນໍ້າຫວານປະໄວ້

ເກນໃນການແກ້ໄຂ DKA ໄດ້ຜົນສໍາເລັດ Serum glucose <200mg/dl Serum bicard ≥18mEq/L Venous pH >7.3 Notice: ບໍ່ຄວນໃຫ້ insulin therapy ຖ້າ: ແກ້ໄຂພະວະຂາດນໍ້າບໍ່ທັນໄດ້ ພະວະHypokalemia (K<3.3mEq/L)

ເວລາໄດຄວນຢຸດ insulin infusion? ຫຼັງຈາກອາການດີຂືນຄົນເຈັບສາມາດກີນໄດ້ ຄວນໃຫ້ Insulin Subcutaneous ກ່ອນ (basal insulin) 1- 2hr ກ່ອນຢຸດ insulin infusion

Potassium Therapy ຖ້າ K > 5.0mEq/L, ບໍ່ຕ້ອງທົບແທນ potassium ຖ້າ K 3.3 – 5.0 mEq/L, ຄວນຕື່ມ K 20-30mEq in IV fluid 1L ແລະຕິດຕາມ K ຄວນຮັກສາ Kໃຫ້ຢູ່ລະຫວ່າງ 4.0-5.0mEq/L ຖ້າ K < 3.3mEq/L, ຄວນຢຸດໃຫ້ insulin ກ່ອນແລະຕື່ມ K 40mEq/hr ຈົນລະດັບ K> 3.3mEq/L

Potassium Therapy Notice: Hypo K ສາມາດຕົກຕໍ່າລົງໄປກ່ວາເກົ່າໂດຍການປີ່ນປົວ ດ້ວຍ insulin ແລະການທົດແທນນໍ້າ Hypo K ໃນການປີ່ນປົວ DKA and HHS ສາມາດນໍາໄປສູ່ cardiac arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, cardiovascular collapse, muscle weakness

Bicarbonate Therapy ຄວນທົດແທນ bicarbonate arterial pH<7.0 ຕື່ມ 50-100mEq ຂອງ sodium bicarb ປະສົມໃນ 1/2 NSS 1L ປ່ອຍພາຍໃນ1-2hr ຕິດຕາມblood gas. ຖ້າ pH >7, ຢຸດການທົດແທນ bicarbonate Notice: bicarbonate drip leads to rebound alkalosis, worsened hypokalemia, paradoxical CNS acidosis.

Monitoring and continued treatment ການຕິດຕາມການປິ່ນປົວ DKA and HHS ຄວນຕິດຕາມໃນພະແນກ ICU ໃນກໍລະນີຂາດນໍ້າຮຸນແຮງຄວນແທງ CVP, Swan-Ganz catheterization Check blood glucose every hour Check electrolyte, venous pH every 2 hr(venous ph) ບໍ່ຄວນເອົາ ketonemia, urine ketone ໃນການຕິດຕາມ ຄວນມີໃບຕິດຕາມຄັກແນ່

Determine hydration status IV Fluids Determine hydration status Severe hypovolemia Cardiogenic Shock Mild dehydration Administer 0.9% NaCl(1.0L/hr) Evaluate corrected Serum NA+ Hemodinamic Monitoring/ pressors Serum NA+ serum Na+ serum NA+ high normal low 0.9% NaCl (250-500ml/hr) Depending on Hydration state 0.45% NaCl (250-500ml/hr) Depending on Hydration state Check electrolyte, BUN, venous pH, Creatinine and glucose every 2-4hr until stable. After resolution of DKA and When patient is able to eat, intiate Sc multidose in- sulin regimen. Continue IV insulin infusionfor 1-2hr after Sc insulin begun to ensure Adequate plasma insulin levels. In insulin-naïve patients, start at 0.5-0.8U/kg body Weight per day and adjust insulin as needed Look for precipitating cause (s) When serum glucose reaches 200ml/dl Change to 5% dextrose with 0.4% NaCl at 150-250ml/hr

Insulin IV route Uncomplicated DKA- SC route Insulin: regular 0.1 U/kg B. wt. As IV bolus Rapid acting Insulin: 0.3U/kg B. Wt. then 0.2U/kg 1hr later 0.1U/kg B. wt. As IV bolus Rapid-acting Insulin:0.2U/kg. SC every 2hrs If serum glucose does not fall by – 50-70mg/dl in first hour, double IV Or SC insulin bolus Check electrolyte, BUN, venous pH, Creatinine and glucose every 2-4hr until stable. After resolution of DKA and When patient is able to eat, intiate Sc multidose in- sulin regimen. Continue IV insulin infusionfor 1-2hr after Sc insulin begun to ensure Adequate plasma insulin levels. In insulin-naïve patients, start at 0.5-0.8U/kg body Weight per day and adjust insulin as needed Look for precipitating cause (s) When serum glucose reaches 200mg/dl , reduce regular insulin infusion to 0.05 -1.0U/kghr IV or give rapidacting insulin At0.1U/kg SC every 2hr. Keep serum glucose Between150 and200mg/dluntli resolution of DKA

Assess need for Bicarbonate Potassium Assess need for Bicarbonate Establish adequate Renal function (urine output -50ml/hr) pH<6.9 Ph 6.9-7.0 pH> 7.0 Dilite NaHCO3 (100 Mmol/l, hold in 400Mml H2owith 20mEqKCL. In fusion for 2hr Ditite NaHCO3 (50m Mol) in 200ml H20 with 10mEq KCL, Infusion Over 1hr No HCO3 If serum K is < 3.3 mEq/l, hold- Insulin andgive 20-30mEq/hr – Until K>3.3mEq/L If K is ≳ 5.3m Eq/L. do not give K but check serum K 9every 2hrs Repeat NaHCO3 Administration every 2hrs Until pH >7.0 Monitor serum K If serum K is >3.3 but < 5.3 mEq/L, give 20-30mEq K in each liter of IV fluid to Keep serum K between 4-5mEq/L

ອາການສົນຂອງ DKA ແລະ HHS Hypoglycemia ພະວະນໍ້າຕານໃນເລືອດຕໍ່າ Hypokalemia ພະວະpotassiumໃນເລືອດຕໍ່າ ພະວະກ້າມຊີ້ນລາຍອັກເສບ Thromboembolisim ກ້ອນເລືອດອຸດຕັນ Cerebral edema ສະໝອງບວມ

Reference American Diabetes Association. Hyperglycemic crisis in Diabetes. Diabetes care 27:1063-84;2004 Gaglia JL, wychoff J, Abbrahamson MJ. Acute hyperglycemic crisis in the elderly. Med Clin N Am 88:1063-84:2004 3 annual review of diabetes 2007page 95-101.

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