Disaster management in Japan, turkey and Indonesia

Disaster management The United Nations defines a disaster as a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society. Disasters involve widespread human, material, economic or environmental impacts, which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. The Red Cross and Red Crescent societies define disaster management as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters.

Types of Disasters Natural Man-Made Complex Pandemic emergencies

Types of disaster Natural disasters: including floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and volcano eruptions that have immediate impacts on human health and secondary impacts causing further death and suffering from (for example) floods, landslides, fires, tsunamis. Environmental emergencies: including technological or industrial accidents, usually involving the production, use or transportation of hazardous material, and occur where these materials are produced, used or transported, and forest fires caused by humans. Complex emergencies: involving a break-down of authority, looting and attacks on strategic installations, including conflict situations and war. Pandemic emergencies: involving a sudden onset of contagious disease that affects health, disrupts services and businesses, brings economic and social costs.

JAPAN

Tsunami Disaster Mitigation System in Japan Bitter Tsunami Experienced Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System Outline of Disaster Management System New Challenges against Tsunamis TYPES OF DISATERS IN JAPAN earthquake tsunami Volcanic eruption Today I would like to speak about a brief outline of Japan’s Disaster Management System as a whole in order to help you understand the following presentations on the detailed tsunami disaster reduction activities in Japan. 1

Historical Damaging Tsunamis along Japanese Coast (in last 150 years) Name (Magnitude) Year Dead or Missing Meiji-Sanriku Earthquake and Tsunami (M8.5) 1896 22,000 Showa-Sanriku Earthquake and Tsunami (M8.1) 1933 3,064 Tonankai Earthquake (M7.9) 1944 1,251 1) Nankai Earthquake (M8.0) 1946 1,443 1) Chile Earthquake (Mw9.5) 2) 1960 142 Tokachi-Oki Earthquake (M7.9) 1968 52 1) Nihonkai-Cyubu Earthquake (M7.7) 1983 104 1) Hokkaido-Nansei-oki Earthquake (M7.8) 1993 230 1) 8

Tsunami Warning System Elements Communication & Transmission of Tsunami Warning to Localities & Civil Defense Authorities Signboard Tsunami TSUNAMI ＷＡＲＮＩＮＧ Local government Central Government TSUNAMI ＷＡＲＮＩＮＧ Radio TSUNAMI ＷＡＲＮＩＮＧ ＴＶ/Radio Station TV（Telops, Warning maps） 13

Pictogram on Tsunami Safe place/hill for evacuation Tsunami Hazard Area Tsunami Evacuation Area Tsunami Evacuation Building Safe place/hill for evacuation against Tsunami. Building for evacuation against Tsunami. There is a high possibility to be flooded in this area when earthquake occurs. 21

Tsunami counter measures taken by local municipalities and communities Group session on evacuation plan (Urado-District, Kochi Pref.) Evacuation drill on Tsunami (Taro Town, Iwate Pref.) Training for supplying food (Yawatahama-city, Ehime Pref.) 25

Tsunami Hazard Maps Purpose Identifying and showing vulnerable areas - Enhancing people’s awareness ・Showing information on disaster risks and evacuation routes, etc. ・Letting residents in coastal areas and visitors know the hazard map through various opportunities ・Tsunami drills This is an example of tsunami hazard map and such issue will be explained later by our colleagues. So I would like to stop here. Thank you for your attention. Tsunami Hazard Map（Susaki City） National Government prepared a guideline for help local authorities to make and use hazard maps. 28

TURKEY I would like to thank EFDRR and Macedonia for their excellent organisation and inviting us here. I believe that this meeting and following studies will be usefull for the region. By taking this opportunity I would like to welcome all participants on behalf of my country and my self as well. Today I will try to give general information about the elder and the new disaster and emergency management systems of Turkey.

Turkey is prone to mainly three types of natural disasters Earthquakes; 70% of the population living in seismically active areas 66% of the country is located on active fault zones 75% of damaged buildings and 64% of the total disaster losses in the last century are due to earthquakes Floods; Mostly in coastal plains and exacerbated by deforestation, erosion and ignorant development 15% of total losses are due to floods Landslides; 25% of country is exposed to landslide hazard 11% of total population is located in landslide areas 16% of total disaster losses are due to landslides. TURKEY SUFFERS FROM DIFFERENT KINDS OF DISASTER EVENTS AND THEY POSE THREAT TO BOTH RESIDENTIAL AREAS AND LIFELINES.

Organizational Changes General Directorate of Emergency Management attached to the Prime Ministry was established Ministry of the Interior has set up regional centers for relief and emergency operations. Independent National Earthquake Council was set-up Local authorities’ responsibilities for disaster mitigation were extended

SYSTEM RE - ORGANISED DIRECTORATE-GENERAL of CIVIL DEFENCE DISASTER AFFAIRS DIRECTORATE-GENERAL of TURKEY EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT BY 17 DEC. 2009 PRIME MINISTRY DISASTER AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT PRESIDENCY

PROVINCIAL LEVEL By the new Act; Disaster and Emergency Management Directorates are established in 81 provinces In each province the emergency centers are established affiliated to the Governor, too. Presidency consists of 6 departments; Deparment of Planning and Mitigation Deparment of Response Deparment of Recovery Deparment of Civil Defence Deparment of Earthquake Deparment of Administrative Affairs By the new Act; At provincial level Disaster and Emergency Management Directorates are established in 81 provinces which means Provincial Civil Defence Directorates are closed. In each province the emergency centers are established attached to the Governor, too. Response to a disaster is under the responsibility of Governor at the Provincial level. The municipalities are responsible for disaster preparedness activities. The fire departments who take major role in disaster response work under the authority of the municipalities. Civil Defence Battalions in 11 Provinces

Planning and Mitigation Department Duties of Department; To prepare disaster and emergency response, risk management and hazard reduction plans which will be applied nation wide, To determine possible disaster and emergency areas and to pronounce preventive measures, To determine reconstruction, plan and project rudiments of disaster prone areas, To determine cash,goods and humanitarian aid rules,

Planning and Mitigation Department Related to Disaster and Emergencies; To determine administrative strategies, To establish and operate all kinds of communication, early warning, data and prediction centers, To suggest to related agencies about public investments and personnel requirements, To do or get trainings and exercises, To ensure improvements and generalize insurance services, To determine and supervise service and acreditation standards, To do the other related works given by the Head of Agency.

Functions and Duties Contribute to the needs assessment studies for disaster risk reduction activities, policies, make proposals for national action plans on DRR, Contribute to the programming, monitoring and evaluation of DRR studies at national level, Ensure more effective and multi stakeholder studies and activities among the various partner organizations working in the field of DRR and make available more effective and rationalist use of sources, To direct the in line organizations on the following topics; Integration of development plans and policies into DRR targets, Identification, implementation, monitoring and definition of priorities of hazard and risk studies by supplying consultancy. Maintain the implementation and monitoring of Hyogo Framework of ActionStrategy Plan in the country, and support the activities in order to increase the awareness of public to disaster risk reduction.

An Application of Local Disaster Preparedness - Lessons Learnt From Marmara Earthquake Istanbul 13-14 million people, almost 20% of Turkey’s population, live in İstanbul. More than 40% of Turkish GNP is generated in the region. -Probability of a big earthquake within the next 30 year is over 50%. - Probability of a big earthquake within the next 10 year is over 20%. İstanbul is the largest city of Turkey. Istanbul metropolitan municipality had 13.26 million people living in it as of December, 2010, which is 18% of Turkey's population. The city in its administrative limits had 8.8 million residents counted in the latest Turkish census from 2000. Istanbul is a megacity, as well as the cultural, economic, and financial centre of Turkey

Istanbul Seismic Risk Mitigation and Emergency Preparedness Project (ISMEP) Country / Region : Turkey / Istanbul Project Duration : 2006-2014 Implementation : Istanbul Special Provincial Administration / Istanbul Project Coordination Unit (IPCU) Finance : World Bank / European Investment Bank Loan Amount : (Joint WB-EIB) Euro 610 Million To prepare the city of Istanbul against a big earthquake according to sceintific studies and collected datas after 99 Earthquake, a loan agreement was signed by Government of Turkey and WB and EIB. The agreement has been gone into effect in February, 2006.

COMPONENT A ENHANCE EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS Enhancement of Analog FM Radio Infrastructure (İstanbul Health Directorate SAR – DMC – Police Dep) Istanbul Disaster Management Center Mobile Lighting Towers Disaster Containers Medical Equipment - National Medical Rescue Teams

COMPONENT A ENHANCE EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS PUBLIC AWARENESS AND TRAININGS Individual/Family Disaster Preparedness Training Disaster Preparedness Training Program for Neighborhood Disaster Volunteers School and Hospital Disaster Preparedness Training Business Community Disaster Preparedness Training

Survival Under Extraordinary Conditions Training Psychological First-Aid Program Structural Awareness Training Program Non-structural Risk Awareness Training Program Awareness of Compulsory Earthquake Insurance Program Urban Planning and Construction for Disaster Mitigation for local decision makers, technical staff and community representatives. Training Materials, distribution of 500.000 brochures – information cards, 3000 t-shirts, 3000 caps, 50.000 magnets, 100.000 bags Also, social guidance and awareness for the beneficiaries of retrofitting schools

COMPONENT B SEISMIC RISK MITIGATION FOR PUBLIC FACILITIES Building Type Feasibility Studies Completed Retrofitting Works Ongoing Retrofitting Works Completed Reconstructing Works Ongoing Reconstructing Works HOSPITALS 28 7 1 POLYCLINICS 19 9 --  SCHOOLS 794 413 57 64 60 ADMINISTRATIVE 34 16 DORMITORIES / SOCIAL SERVICE 18 14  -- 2 TOTAL 772 459 59 65 63 Besides these works, some historical and cultural heritage of the city was evaluated in terms of multi-hazard vulnerability. Bridges and viaducts retrofitted by a loan provided by Japanese Cooperation and Development Agency.

COMPONENT C BUILDING CODE ENFORCEMENT Training of approximately 3000 civil engineers – Protocol signed with Ministry of Public Works and Settlement -New Turkish Building Code -Vulnerability assessment -Damage assessment after disasters

INDONESIA

Background Tsunami Aceh 2004 has become a wake up call for Indonesia to establish its National Disaster Management System. The fact that Indonesia is a large archipelagic country, and yet very prone to various kinds of disasters, developing National System for Disaster Management requires multi-stakeholders and multi-partnerships’ participation

Disater Management Law No. 24 / 2007 The role of national and Local Governments Establishment of BNPB and BPBDs Roles and Responsibility of Community in DM Roles of Pprivate sectors and International in DM DM Implementation: pre-disaster, emergency response, and post-disaster Funding and Relief Assistance Mmanagement

National Disaster Management System Components: Legislation Institutional Planning Funding Capacity Building Implementation

ITALY

INTRODUCTION Italy is divided into 20 regions, 110 provinces and about 8,100 municipalities. Provinces are administrative sub-divisions of regions. The regions are the first-level administrative divisions of the State. There are twenty regions, of which fifteen with ordinary statute and five with special statute (regions with special statute are marked with an asterisk): Abruzzo, Aosta Valley*, Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia*, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardy, Marche, Molise, Piedmont, Sardinia*, Sicily*, Tuscany, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol*, Umbria and Veneto.

PREPARDNESS OF DISASTER AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL Relief operations, distribution of goods, material and food as well as bilateral funding Interventions devoted to building basic infrastructures, in particular in the field of agriculture and health, which are indispensable for guaranteeing fundamental human needs in areas hit by disaster, famine and hunger and characterized by high mortality rates Local realization of systems for collection, transport and distribution of goods, material and food Employment of means and personnel necessary to achieve the above-mentioned objectives, based on agreements with the involved ministries, local institutions and public institutions Direct involvement of NGOs or funding of NGOs programmes in agreement with the General Direction for Development Cooperation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Disaster management IN INDIA

ABOUT DISASTER A disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed risk. These risks are the product of a combination of both hazard/s and vulnerability. Hazards that strike in areas with low vulnerability will never become disasters, as is the case in uninhabited regions. Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits – more than 95 percent of all deaths caused by hazards occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural hazards are 20 times greater (as a percentage of GDP) in developing countries than in industrialized countries.

PREPARATION OF DISASTER

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS Disaster preparedness is ongoing multi spectral activity. Integral part of the national system responsible for developing plans & programmes for : Disaster management Prevention Mitigation Response Rehabilitation Reconstruction