Erratum: Knowing when to grow: signals regulating bud dormancy

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Erratum: Knowing when to grow: signals regulating bud dormancy Trends in Plant Science Volume 9, Issue 1, (January 2004) DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2003.11.005

Figure 2 Model for G1–S and G2–M transitions in plants based on combined models by Gutierrez, Anderson et al. and Stals and Inzé [7,60,61], and on recent results obtained from plants and animals. Activation of G1 progression involves the expression of D-type cyclins (CYCD) and their catalytic subunit, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDKA), dissociation of CDK inhibitory protein (ICK1) from CDKA–CYCD complex, and phosphorylation of the Thr160 residue (P highlighted in purple) of CDKA. CYCD and CDKA are upregulated by various growth regulators including auxin, cytokinin, brassinosteroids (BR), sugar and gibberellic acid (GA). ICK1 is induced by abscisic acid (ABA). Phosphorylation of CDKA is the activity of CDK-activating kinase (CAK), which is induced by GA [14]. Active CDKA–CYCD complex hyperphosphorylates retinoblastoma protein (RB), which inhibits its binding to transcription factors (E2F) and the docking protein (DP), thus initiating chromatin remodeling, transcription activation, DNA replication and S-phase transition. The SCF (SKP1–Cullin–F-box-protein) complex mediates ubiquitination and proteolysis (scissors) of ICK1 [62] and CYCD that is necessary to trigger the G1–S-phase transition in yeast (and possibly plants, denoted by ‘?’). Initiation of the G2–M-phase transition requires induction of the A- and B-type cyclins (CYCA/B) and the activity of A- and B-type CDKs (CDKA/B). The plant hormones auxin, cytokinin and GA have all been implicated in CYCA/B and CDKA/B expression and/or stability. At G2, the Thr160 (P highlighted in purple) of CDKs is positively phosphorylated (+) by CAK, and the Thr14 or Tyr15 (P highlighted in green) of CDKs are negatively phosphorylated (−) by a tyrosine kinase in the CDKA/B–CYCA/B complex. A cytokinin-regulated tyrosine phosphatase (CDC25) removes the inhibitory phosphate and allows the G2–M-phase transition to occur. Commitment to mitosis requires ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis of B-type cyclins. The anaphase-promoting complex (APC) regulates ubiquitination and proteolysis of CYCA/B. Auxin appears to be involved in the degradation of cyclins. Jasmonic acid (JA) inhibits CDK activity in both the G1–S-phase and the G2–M-phase transitions. Trends in Plant Science 2004 9, DOI: (10.1016/j.tplants.2003.11.005)