Motivation and Emotion

Warm UP https://youtu.be/1ogmwH5MMRg https://youtu.be/26U_seo0a1g

Theories of Motivation Instinct and Drive-Reduction Theories • Various biological and social factors motivate us. • A motive is something that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal. • Instincts are innate tendencies that influence but don’t explain behavior. • Drive-reduction theory suggests that behaviors are designed to obtain something that an organism needs. • Needs can be physiological or psychological. • The drive-reduction theory accounts for physical but not social motivation.

Theories of Motivation Incentive and Cognitive Theory • The incentive theory considers the role of the environment in motivation. • A drive is an outside force or event that causes us to act. • An incentive is the object we seek or the result we are trying to achieve through our motivated behavior. • We are energized to move by extrinsic motivation when we reduce our biological needs or gain external rewards. • We are energized to move by intrinsic motivation when we fulfill our beliefs or social expectations.

Biological and Social Motives Social Motives and the Need for Achievement • The need for achievement is both social and learned. • The motive to achieve may be influenced by fear of failure or fear of success. • The competency theory suggests that we choose moderately difficult tasks in order to learn from them.

Biological and Social Motives Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Maslow’s pyramid scheme places fundamental needs—such as food and safety—at the bottom. • Psychological needs—first belongingness and love, then esteem needs, including achievement—are in the middle of the scheme. • Self-actualization is at the top of Maslow’s scheme. • Maslow posits that a person can progress to satisfying higher needs only after fulfilling the lower ones.

Emotions Expressing Emotions • Motivation and emotion are interconnected. • Emotion involves this sequence: interpretation of a stimulus; subjective feeling; physiological response; observable behavior. • There are universally recognized facial expressions of emotion. • Learning plays a role in the expression of emotion.

Emotions Physiological Theories • There are two principle physiological theories of emotion, which emphasize bodily changes. • The James-Lange theory states that bodily reactions form the basis of labeling and experiencing emotions. • The Cannon-Bard theory argues that the brain is the seat of emotion; emotion is the burst of activity in the brain. • Lie detectors, or polygraph machines, measure involuntary physiological responses, on the assumption that people feel nervous when they lie.