AreaSurvey SourceNumber of items Cognitive Absorption (CA)Agarwal and Karahanna, 2000)20 questions Computer Self-Efficacy (CSE)Compeau and Higgings (1995)10 questions Personal Innovativeness (PIIT)Agarwal and Prasad (1998)4 questions Cognitive Playfulness ()Webster and Martocchio (1992)7 questions Perceived Usefulness based on previous experience (PU) Adapted from Agarwald & Prasad (1999) 5 questions Airline ticket purchase (time cost $0.50) Airline ticket purchase (time cost $0.50) Car rental purchase (time cost $0.50) Airline ticket purchase (time cost $1.00) Reliability (re-test) Generalizability Foraging costs manipulation Group 1Group 2 Rotate 50% in each group to cancel learning effect. Rotate 50% in each group to cancel learning effect. $0.75

AreaSurvey SourceNumber of items Cognitive Absorption (CA)Agarwal and Karahanna, 2000)20 questions Computer Self-Efficacy (CSE)Compeau and Higgings (1995)10 questions Personal Innovativeness (PIIT)Agarwal and Prasad (1998)4 questions Cognitive Playfulness ()Webster and Martocchio (1992)7 questions Perceived Usefulness based on previous experience (PU) Adapted from Agarwald & Prasad (1999) 5 questions Airline ticket purchase (NY – WAS) Car rental purchase (WAS) Generalizability Group 1Group 2 Rotate 50% in each group to cancel learning effect. Rotate 50% in each group to cancel learning effect. Reliability Airline ticket purchase (NY – WAS) Airline ticket purchase (NY – SFO) Reliability

Table Cognitive Absorption Correlation Matrix H1a: IS REJECTED H1b: IS REJECTED H1a: The CA score is positively related to the number of sites visited while foraging. Individuals with a high CA score are likely to visit more websites than those with low CA scores. H1b: The CA score is positively related to the number of pages accessed while foraging. Individuals with a high CA score are likely to visit more web pages within a site than those with low CA scores.

H2a: IS REJECTED H2b: IS REJECTED H2a: The CPS score is positively related to the number of sites visited while foraging. Individuals with a high CPS score are likely to visit more web sites than those with low CPS scores. H2b: The CPS score is positively related to the number of pages accessed while foraging. Individuals with a high CPS score are likely to visit more web pages than those with low CPS scores. Table Computer Playfulness Correlation Matrix

H3a: IS SUPPORTED H3b: IS SUPPORTED H3a: Individuals with lower PIIT score is likely visit a different number of websites site than those with higher PIIT scores (no direction is hypothesized) H3b: Individuals with lower PIIT score is likely visit a different number of web pages within a site than those with higher PIIT scores (no direction is hypothesized) Table Personal Innovativeness with Information Technology Correlation Matrix

H4a: IS REJECTED H4b: IS REJECTED H4a: The CSE score is negatively related to the number of sites visited while foraging. Individuals with a high CSE score are likely to visit fewer websites than those with low CSE scores. H4b: The CSE score is negatively related to the number of pages accessed while foraging. Individuals with a high CSE score are likely to visit fewer web pages than those with low CSE scores. Table Computer Self-Efficacy Correlation Matrix

H5a: IS REJECTED H5b: IS REJECTED H5a: Age is negatively related to the number of sites visited. Older individuals visit fewer websites than younger individuals. H5b: Age is negatively related to the number of pages visited. Older individuals visit fewer web pages than younger individuals. Table Age Correlation Matrix

H6a: IS REJECTED H6b: IS REJECTED, BUT SUPPORTED IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION (When purchasing on-line, males visit less web pages than females) H6a: When foraging, males visit more websites than females. H6b: When foraging, males visit more web pages than females. Table 6.3.6b. T-scores Gender Difference of Means (assuming unequal variance) *97% confidence

H7a: IS REJECTED H7a: Education level is positively related with the number of sites visited. Individuals with higher levels of education are more likely to visit more websites than those with lower levels of education. Table 6.3.7a. Education level and Observed Number of Websites visited. Table 6.3.7b. Education level and Expected Number of Websites visited. Based on this data we calculated a Chi-Squared value of and 6 degrees of freedom [(k-1)*(n-1)]. Based on this, there appears to only an 85.5% confidence that differences in the number of websites visited exists between the various education levels

H7b: IS REJECTED, BUT SUPPORTED IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION (When purchasing on-line, higher educated individuals visit less web pages than those less educated) H7b: Education level is positively related with the number of pages visited. Individuals with higher levels of education are more likely to visit more web pages than those with lower levels of education. Based on this data we calculated a Chi-Squared value of and 6 degrees of freedom [(k-1)*(n-1)]. Based on this, we found that differences do in fact exists between the various education levels and the number of web pages accessed when buying on-line (99% confidence). Table 6.3.7c. Education level and Observed Number of Web pages visited. Table 6.3.7d. Education level and Expected Number of Web pages visited.

H8: A non-linear relationship exists between the number of pages accessed and the likelihood of surrender. Table 6.3.8a Non-Linear Prediction Model Accuracy of Purchases based on Web Pages visited H8: IS SUPPORTED

Figure 6.3.8b Predictive Probability distribution Based on web pages Visited

H9a: The perceived usefulness based on previous experience is positively related to the time a user will spend on reviewing search results at an e-commerce site. H9b: The perceived usefulness based on previous experience is positively related to the site time the user will spend at an e-commerce site (patch). (site time is defined as the foraging time less the reviewing time). Table Perceived Usefulness and Patch Exhaustion Correlation Matrix H9a: IS SUPPORTED H9b: IS SUPPORTED

H10a: The order of access of a site is positively related with perceived usefulness based on previous experience. Users perform patch exhaustion based on perceived usefulness of sites based on previous experience. Table a Patch Exhaustion Correlation Matrix H10a: IS SUPPORTED It is interesting to see that there are no significant correlations between the participants experience with a website and the order they access the sites. However, there is a significant correlation between the Perceived Usefulness rank of the websites and how the participants accessed the sites (r = 0.502, 99.9% confidence). This supports the Optimal Foraging Theory predictions from biology (Smith and Dawkins, 1971; Smith and Sweatman, 1974), which suggested that such as behavior should also be exhibited by humans.

H10b: The order of site access is positively related to the time a person will spend reviewing search results. Users are accessing sites that they are willing to spend more time reviewing items from first. H10c: The order of site access is positively related to the site time the user will spend at an e-commerce site. Users are accessing sites that they are willing to spend more time at first (site time is defined as the foraging time less the reviewing time). Table b Access Order and Site time Correlation Matrix Participants actually spent less time at the websites they accessed first, and more time at later sites. Since, we separated the acquisition time in the analysis, the correlations does not originate by the fact that most purchases were done by the later websites. The reason for this finding may be due to the state of mind by the participants when executing a search. Initially, a person may be in an exploration mode where the focus is on exploration breath and the belief that more websites should be examined. As a result, less time may be devoted to the first websites visited. At subsequent websites, this desire may have been met and the individual become more focused on exploration depth. H10b: IS REJECTED BUT SUPPORTED IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION (user spent less time reviewing items offered for sale at websites they access first, more at subsequent sites) H10c: IS REJECTED BUT SUPPORTED IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION (user spent less time at websites they access first and more at subsequent sites)

H11a: The time to access a web page is positively related with the likelihood of site surrender and negatively related with the likelihood of acquisition. The longer a web page takes to load, the more likely that it will be abandoned and the less likely that the user will make a purchase from it. H11b: The time needed to orient at a web page is positively related with the likelihood of site surrender and negatively related with the likelihood of acquisition. The longer it takes to orient, the more likely that it will be abandoned and the less likely that the user will make a purchase from it. H11c: The time needed to enter a search at a web page is positively related with the likelihood of site surrender and negatively related with the likelihood of acquisition. The longer it takes to enter all required search criteria, the more likely that it will be abandoned and the less likely that the user will make a purchase from it. H11d: The time needed to execute a search at a web page is positively related with the likelihood of site surrenders and negatively related with the likelihood of acquisition. The longer it takes to execute a search, the more likely that it will be abandoned and the less likely that the user will make a purchase from it. H11e: The time needed to review the results from a website is positively related with the likelihood of site surrender and negatively related with the likelihood of acquisition. The longer it takes to review items from a search, the more likely that it will be abandoned and the less likely that the user will make a purchase from it.

Table a Binary Regression Coefficients for Predicted Buy Vs. Dont Buy Decisions (first step) is P(x) = B 0 + β 1 *X 1 + β 2 *X 2 +…. β n *X n. Where P(x) is defined as the probability that a binomial value is set (P(x)>0.5 = 1 and P(x)<0.5 = 0). H11a: IS REJECTED

Table b Binary Regression Coefficients for Predicted Buy Vs. Dont Buy Decisions (second and final step) Figure a Final Binary Regression Model for Predicted Buy Vs. Dont Buy Decisions P(x) = * time to orient * time to enter * time to find * time to review Table c Airline Ticket Purchasing Binary Logistic Regression Model Accuracy based on Time Factors

H11b: IS REJECTED BUT SUPPORTED IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION (the longer it takes to orient, the less likely that a website will be abandoned and the more likely that the user will make a purchase from it). H11c: IS SUPPORTED H11d: IS SUPPORTED H11e: IS REJECTED BUT SUPPORTED IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION (the longer a person spend reviewing items at a site, the less likely that a website will be abandoned and the more likely that the user will make a purchase from it).

H12: There is a non-linear relationship between the number of items returned by a search and the likelihood of surrender from a site Figure a Generalized Predictive Purchasing Equations given: P(x) - the probability that a purchase will take place at a given site with x number of items x - the number of items available for purchasing on a website after a search β - the discriminate beta factor (context specific i.e. for car rentals, airline ticket purchasing) e- error rate of the model ε- the number of incorrectly predicted binomal values (buy/surrender) η- the number of correctly predicted binomal values (buy/surrender) ρ - the predictable power of the equation σ- the standard deviation of the probability q- the probability that a purchase will not occur at this type of site [1-P(x)] n - number of web pages visited

Figure b Predictive Purchasing Equation for Car rentals Figure c Discrete Betas of Car Rentals based on Number of Sales Items on a Web page

Figure d Predictive Purchasing Equation for Airline Ticket Purchases Figure c Discrete Betas of Airline Ticket sales based on Number of Sales Items on a Web page

Figure f Confidence Intervals of web pages accessed Prior to Purchase of based on Number of Airline Tickets on a Web page H12: IS SUPPORTED

Figure a Cox and Snells R-Square Equation Figure b Nagelkerke R-Square Equation

Site visit: sample of 170 from 1,134 site visits Predictive Linear Model Test of Model accuracy against sample (170 site visits) Test of Model accuracy against remaining observations (964 site visits) Explanatory Linear Model Predictive Non-Linear Model Individuals: sample of 51 from 151site visits by unique visitors (one sample per participant) Predictive Linear Model Test of Model accuracy against sample (51 site visits by unique visitors) Test of Model accuracy against remaining observations (100 site visits by unique visitors) Explanatory Linear Model Sample Data Model Type Model Validation For Model Build

ECONOMICS

Overall differences - Flight #1 = $0.50 search cost per minute Flight #2 is $0.75 search costs per minute)

Overall differences - Flight #1 = $0.50 search cost per minute Flight #2 is $0.75 search costs per minute)

Overall differences - Flight #1 = $0.50 search cost per minute Flight #2 is $0.75 search costs per minute)

Overall differences - Flight #1 = $0.50 search cost per minute Flight #2 is $0.75 search costs per minute)