Nathaniel Rochester & J. Presper Eckert Dr. Charles C. Tappert Seidenberg School of CSIS

J. Presper Eckert (1919-1995) American computer pioneer Designed with John Mauchly the first general-purpose electronic digital computer (ENIAC) Presented the first course in computing topics (the Moore School Lectures) Founded the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corp. Designed the first commercial computer in the U.S., the UNIVAC, which incorporated Eckert's invention of the mercury delay line memory

Nathaniel Rochester (1919 –2001) Computer scientist who, at IBM, designed the IBM 701, the first general purpose, mass-produced computer Console

Nathaniel Rochester (1919 –2001) Wrote the first assembler Low-level programming language In 1955, IBM organized a group headed by Rochester to study pattern recognition, information theory and switching circuit theory The group simulated the behavior of abstract neural networks on an IBM 704 computer Instrumental in the founding of the field of artificial intelligence

Birth of Artificial Intelligence Summer 1945, John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky approached senior scientists Rochester and Claude Shannon with a proposal for a conference on intelligent machines With support of Rochester and Shannon, they secured $7,000 from Rockefeller Foundation to fund a conference in the summer of 1956 The meeting, now known as the Dartmouth Conference, is widely considered the "birth of artificial intelligence"

Birth of Artificial Intelligence Dartmouth Conference “Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence” The project was formally proposed by McCarthy, Minsky, Rochester, and Shannon The proposal is credited with introducing the term “artificial intelligence” Small conference with attendees Dr. Marvin Minsky, Dr. Julian Bigelow, Professor D.M. Mackay, Mr. Ray Solomonoff, Mr. John Holland, Mr. John McCarthy, Dr. Claude Shannon, Mr. Nathanial Rochester, Mr. Oliver Selfridge, Mr. Allen Newell, Professor Herbert Simon

Birth of Artificial Intelligence Rochester continued to supervise artificial intelligence projects at IBM, including Arthur Samuel's checkers program, Herbert Gelernter's Geometry Theorem Prover and Alex Bernstein's chess program. In 1958, he was a visiting professor at MIT, where he helped McCarthy with the development of Lisp programming language

Birth of Artificial Intelligence AI programs at IBM began to generate a great deal of publicity and were featured in articles in both Scientific American and The NYT IBM shareholders pressured Thomas J. Watson Jr., the president of IBM, to explain why research dollars were being used for such "frivolous matters." Also, IBM's marketing people noticed that customers were frightened of the idea of "electronic brains" An internal report in 1960 recommended that IBM end broad support for AI and so the company ended its AI program and aggressively spread the message that "computers can only do what they were told”

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence Deep Learning Deep learning is a machine learning method based on learning data representations, as opposed to task-specific algorithms Requires massive training data – big data

AGI – The Singularity The hypothesis that the invention of artificial superintelligence will abruptly trigger runaway technological growth, resulting in unfathomable changes to human civilization According to this hypothesis, an upgradable intelligent agent (such as a computer running software-based artificial general intelligence) would enter a "runaway reaction" of self-improvement cycles, with each new and more intelligent generation appearing more and more rapidly, causing an intelligence explosion and resulting in a powerful superintelligence that would, qualitatively, far surpass all human intelligence. When? – 10% chance by 2022, 50% by 2040, 90% by 2075

Artificial Intelligence Problems Unintended damage from social media 2016 US presidential election and Brexit campaign Cambridge Analytica accessed Facebook user profiles to send targeted ads to influence the election and Brexit 2018 MIT study – Twitter fake news is shared 70% more often than factual information 2018 United Nations report accused Facebook of enabling religious persecution in Myanmar and Sri Lanka, many were killed 2019 book by Roger McNamee, Zucked, says Facebook creating a political and cultural crisis, and a serious danger to democracy