The Childhood Obesity Epidemic as a Result of Nongenetic Evolution: The Maternal Resources Hypothesis Edward Archer, PhD, MS Mayo Clinic Proceedings

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The Childhood Obesity Epidemic as a Result of Nongenetic Evolution: The Maternal Resources Hypothesis Edward Archer, PhD, MS Mayo Clinic Proceedings Volume 90, Issue 1, Pages 77-92 (January 2015) DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.08.006 Copyright © 2015 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Conceptual depiction of the maternal resources hypothesis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2015 90, 77-92DOI: (10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.08.006) Copyright © 2015 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Hypothesized consequences of excess maternal glucose on fetal pancreatic β-cell function. aHypertrophy and hyperplasia of fetal pancreatic β cells.108-110 bAn inactive lifestyle as a child and adolescent is a necessary condition for risk to be actualized. cHyperglycemia may be transient (eg, acute excursions induced via mild insulin resistance) or chronic (frank diabetes). T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2015 90, 77-92DOI: (10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.08.006) Copyright © 2015 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Hypothesized consequences of excess intrauterine energy on fetal adipocyte development. aDetermined by maternal adiposity, energy intake, physical activity, and total daily energy expenditure. bObesity as categorized by body mass index >30 kg/m2. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2015 90, 77-92DOI: (10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.08.006) Copyright © 2015 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Hypothesized consequences of maternal energy balance on fetal development. aMaternal resources determined by socioenvironmental evolution and phenotypic evolution of familial line, prenatal body mass, adiposity, and energy intake. bSmall for gestational age (SGA): predisposed to visceral adiposity type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. cLarge for gestational age (LGA): predisposed to obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2015 90, 77-92DOI: (10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.08.006) Copyright © 2015 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions