KROHNE Ultrasonic Flowmeters A complete range of solutions 2014

KROHNE Ultrasonic Flowmeters Introduction KROHNE’s Ultrasonic Family Measuring Principle Typical Applications Conclusion KROHNE Ultrasonic Flowmeters A complete range of solutions 2014

Introduction Milestones In the 1920’s Methods and devices for volume measurement of flowing liquids, gas and steam volumes In the 1950’s Introduction of the first ultrasonic flowmeters In the 1960’s First ultrasonic flowmeters with multiple paths with the differential transit time method In the 1980’s Introduction of a multi-path flowmeters for measuring gases. Today 1900 Today 1950 2000 Patent Oskar Rütten We can look first at the historical development of ultrasonic flow measurement. The use of ultrasound in flow measurement began in the last century when, in the 1920’s, Oskar Rütten patented his method and apparatus for measuring the volume of flowing liquids, gas and steam. The first ultrasonic flowmeters were introduced in the 1950’s, and in the 1960’s different companies developed the first ultrasonic flowmeters using the differential transit time method. At this time the first clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeter was also launched onto the market. KROHNE has been developing inline ultrasonic flowmeters since the end of the 1970’s. The first multi-path ultrasonic flowmeters for measuring gases were finally introduced at the start of the 1980’s. However the main breakthrough in ultrasonic flow measurement has come in the last 10 to 20 years, which have seen the breakthrough of digital measurement. The exact recording and analysis of transit times has become increasingly accurate, which of course has made the measuring device extremely interesting to industry. Today there are several different technologies on the market for ultrasonic flow measurement, with a wide range of applications. But how does ultrasonic flow measurement function today ? What should we know and what are the essential characteristics? 3 | Ultrasonic flowmeters

KROHNE Ultrasonic Flowmeters Introduction KROHNE’s Ultrasonic Family Measuring Principle Typical Applications Conclusion KROHNE Ultrasonic Flowmeters A complete range of solutions 2014

KROHNE’s Ultrasonic Flowmeter Family liquid gas steam clamp-on OPTISONIC 6300 OPTISONIC 6400 in-line OPTISONIC 3400 UFM 530 HT OPTISONIC 7300 OPTISONIC 8300 F custody transfer ALTOSONIC III ALTOSONIC V ALTOSONIC V12

OPTISONIC 3400 Standard for the bulk of applications Robust and compact construction Wide diameter range: 1…120” For conductive and non-conductive liquids For all environments: incl. hazardous areas FM or CSA Division 1 & 2 ATEX zone 1, IEC-Ex For process conditions: Liquid temperatures -45…+140/180 °C / -49…+284/356 °F Viscosity up to 100 cSt Bulk of applications include: Hydrocarbons, solvents, purified-, surface-, ground water, cooling water, low viscous oils, kerosene, naphtha, acids, glycol, ammonia, warm water, diesel, jet fuel, Crude Oils, etc. 5/28/2019 OPTISONIC 3400

OPTISONIC 6300 Design Features and Benefits All in one system One or Two Paths 1 Pipe or 2 Pipes More with less Modular electronics

OPTISONIC 6300 Design Features and Benefits End cap (die-cast aluminum) fast screw OPTIFLUX 5000 | key features cover (extruded aluminum) rail (extruded aluminum) connector cap (die-cast aluminum) screws (connector cap to rail) Floating transducer Strap Fixation & Snap unit (SS) Metal strap (SS) signal cable (dual coax)

OPTISONIC 6300 = OPTISONIC 6000 + UFC 300 FAE

Special constructions High Pressure, Up to 1.000 bar (14.500 psig) Heating jacket Flangeless or with special connection

KROHNE Ultrasonic Flowmeters Introduction KROHNE’s Ultrasonic Family Measuring Principle Typical Applications Conclusion KROHNE Ultrasonic Flowmeters A complete range of solutions 2014

vm = Flow velocity of the medium Measuring principle: Ultrasonic Differential transit time – Medium independent 1/3 1 Distance Velocity Transducer A Transit time (t) = TBA - TAB ~ vm vm Transducer B vm = Flow velocity of the medium In order to understand the technical background, but without going too deeply into the construction of an ultrasonic flowmeter, we can look at the most important features: The transducers, which are always in pairs and mounted under an angle, consist of a transmitting and a receiving transducer, which we can call transducer A and transducer B. The two transducers act both as signal transmitter and signal receiver. The time an acoustic wave needs to travel from transducer A to transducer B, that is in the flow direction of the medium, is known as transit time T AB and from transducer B to transducer A, that is against the flow direction, T BA. The transit times T BA and T AB are measured continuously. The difference in transit time T BA to T AB is directly proportional to the average flow velocity vm of the medium. 12 | Ultrasonic flowmeters

Measuring principle: Ultrasonic Differential transit time – Medium independent 2/3 TBA Transit time (t) = TAB ~ vm - 1 Distance Velocity Transducer A L v D 2 L CAB + v * cos a Transit time of the signal from A to B TA B = α v • cos α Transducer B 3 L CBA - v * cos a TB A = Transit time of the signal from B to A Let’s see why ultrasonic flow measurement is completely independent of the medium. As we can see in equation 1, the transit time of a signal is the distance between transducer A and transducer B divided by the velocity which the acoustic signal needs to travel from one transducer to the other. Equations 2 and 3 describe the time the acoustic signal needs from transducer A to transducer B and from transducer B to transducer A. The transit time of the signal is measured and then used with other variables to calculate the flow. Although the signal travels in a straight line, it is travelling at an angle, Alpha, to the pipe axis. Equations 2 and 3 define the flow rate between transducer A „upstream“ and B „downstream“. The transit time is shorter when the acoustic signal is transmitted „downstream“, that is in direction of the flow of the medium, equation 2, than when it is transmitted „upstream“, that is against the direction of the flow, equation 3. The transit times are measured in rapid succession, tens of times a second. In practice we can assume that since neither the temperature, nor the pressure, nor the composition of the medium will change in these intervals, that is within milliseconds, they remain constant. So, during the transit time period, the velocity of sound can also be seen as constant. v = Flow velocity of the medium L = Length of the acoustic path C = Velocity of sound of the medium Temperature, pressure and consistency of the medium = constant 13 | Ultrasonic flowmeters

Introduction Ultrasonic flowmeters: Typical advantages Low Cost of Ownership No moving parts No wear No maintenance No recalibration Very robust and reliable Universal, works with any medium Bi-directional No obstructions in the pipe No pressure loss Excellent low flow sensitivity, starts measuring from zero flow on up transducer A transducer B D The difference in transit time is proportional to the mean flow velocity of the medium 28.05.2019 OPTISONIC 3400

Reynolds Number & Flow Profile Measuring Principle VAVG Laminar flow VAVG = Vm * 0.66 Reynolds Number & Flow Profile SINGLE Beam through pipe axis…. Accuracy: 1-2% for Re > 10,000 – 20,000 Highly dependent on flow profile Error from laminar to turbulent flow can be as high as 33% Vm Turbulent flow VAVG = Vm * 1.00 VAVG Vm

Reynolds Number & Flow Profile Measuring Principle Reynolds Number & Flow Profile VAVG Three Chordal Measurement Beams More information on flow profile Three individual line velocities, VL1-3 are integrated together using constants K1-3; VAVG = K1*VL1 +K2*VL2 + K3*VL3 High accuracy over complete Reynolds range Better performance with non-symmetric and distorted flow profiles Accuracy: +/- 0.3% of rate VL VAVG VL

Measurement Principle Restriction for UFM Effect Guideline 1. Gas bubbles Reflections Vol.%  2% 2. Solids Reflections Vol. %  5% Reflection of acoustic signal due to gas bubbles or solids

KROHNE Ultrasonic Flowmeters Introduction KROHNE’s Ultrasonic Family Measuring Principle Typical Applications Conclusion KROHNE Ultrasonic Flowmeters A complete range of solutions 2014

UFM 3400 Water & Wastewater Measurement of: Wastewater Demi water Cooling water Boiler feed water Potable water Produced water Seawater Raw water Irrigation water … many more

Ultrasonic Flowmeters Target markets Oil and Gas: Crude oil: on- and offloading, transportation, storage, allocation, blending LNG Oil and Gas Chemical industry: Feedstock, intermediate and end products Solvents Liquid polymers Cooling water Chemical industry 5/28/2019 OPTISONIC 3400 Slide 20

Ultrasonic Flowmeters Target markets Petrochemical industry and refineries: Crude oil Refined hydrocarbons Petrochemical industry and refineries Energy: Crude oil Feed water, condensate, heated water, penstock water Energy Water industry and utilities: De-mineralized water Raw water Heated water Water industry and utilities 28.05.2019 OPTISONIC 3400 Slide 21

KROHNE Ultrasonic Flowmeters Introduction KROHNE’s Ultrasonic Family Measuring Principle Typical Applications Conclusion KROHNE Ultrasonic Flowmeters A complete range of solutions 2014

Benefits of Ultrasonic Flowmeter Comparison Table Flow meter Technology Non conductive Liquids Viscosity Corrosion resistance Solids, Bubbles Low flow Pressure loss Dynamic range UFM ++ +/- Coriolis mass + -- EMF DP meter - Vortex PD meter Turbine + = positive, - = negative

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