Biosafety What is Biosafety? Safety from exposure to Infectious Agents A biosafety level is a set of biocontainment precautions required to isolate dangerous biological agents in an enclosed laboratory facility.  Goals Define barriers and procedures used by laboratories to protect workers and others from infection. Describe the four biosafety levels and the protective measures used by each type of laboratory when handling infectious materials. Provide examples of the types of biological agents handled in each type of laboratory. Describe typical places where each type of laboratory is constructed.

Why is Biosafety Important? Laboratorians recognize hazards of processing infectious agents Guidelines developed to protect workers in microbiological and medical labs through engineering controls, management policies, work practices Precautions so people researching or trying to identify organisms do not become infected While handling or testing clinical specimens, workers could accidentally infect themselves or coworkers Labs must adhere to very specific safety regulations to work with organisms that pose a threat to human health

Biosafety Level Labs divided into 4 biosafety levels; protective practices increase with each Biosafety Level 1 labs - work with least dangerous agents, require fewest precautions. Biosafety Level 4 labs - have strictest methods because dealing with agents that are most dangerous to human health.

Barriers Primary barriers: physical barriers or personal protective equipment between lab worker and pathogen Gloves, masks, lab coat, goggle, shoes cover Secondary barriers: structural aspects of the laboratory that make working environment safer against infection Sinks for hand washing, special containment areas, special air ventilation patterns 

BSL 1 BIOSAFETY 1 is suitable for work involving well-characterized agents not known to cause disease in human, and of minimal potential hazard to laboratory personnel and the environment. Lab is not necessarily separated from general traffic patterns in the building. Agents include Bacillus subtilis, Naegleria gruberi, infectious canine hepatitis virus, non-pathogenic E. coli species

BSL 1 Work is generally conducted on open bench tops using standard microbiological practices. Special containment equipment or facility designs is not required nor generally used. Laboratory personnel have specific training in the procedures conducted in the laboratory and are supervised by a scientist with general training in microbiology.

Standard Microbiological Practices Eating, drinking, smoking, handling contact lenses, and applying cosmetics are not permitted in the work areas where there is reasonable likelihood of exposure to potentially infectious materials. Food is stored outside the work area in cabinets or refrigerators designated and used for this purpose only. Mouth pipetting is prohibited; mechanical pipetting devices are used.

Standard Microbiological Practices All procedures are performed carefully to minimize the creation of splashes or aerosols. Work surfaces are decontaminated at least once a day and after any spill of viable material. All cultures, stocks, and other regulated wastes are decontaminated before disposal by an approved decontamination method. Materials to be decontaminated outside of the immediate laboratory are to be placed in a durable, leak-proof container and closed for transport from the laboratory. Materials to be decontaminated at off-site from the laboratory are packaged in accordance with applicable local, state, and federal regulations, before removal from the facility. Special containment devices or equipment such as a biological safety cabinet are generally not required for manipulations of agents assigned to Biosafety Level 1. It is recommended that laboratory coats, gowns, or uniforms be worn to prevent contamination. Gloves should be worn if the skin on the hands is broken or if a rash exists. 3rd bullet such as autoclaving Also, and Insect and rodent control should be in effect.

Laboratory Facilities Each laboratory contains a sink for hand washing. The laboratory is designed so that it can be easily cleaned. Rugs in laboratories are not appropriate, and should not be used because proper decontamination following a spill extremely difficult to achieve. Bench tops are impervious to water and resistant to acids, alkalis, organic solvents, and moderate heat. Laboratory furniture is sturdy. Spaces between benches, cabinets, and equipment are accessible for cleaning. If the laboratory has windows that open, they are fitted with fly screens.

BIOSAFETY LEVEL 2 Risk Group 2 infectious agents are pathogens that can cause human or animal disease but, under normal circumstances, are unlikely to be a serious hazard to laboratory workers, the community, livestock, or the environment. Level 2 infections are not considered to be a serious hazard. They are a moderate individual risk and limited community risk. Laboratory exposures rarely cause infection leading to serious disease; effective treatment and preventive measures are available and the risk of spread is limited. Examples of infectious agents in this risk level are E. coli, many influenza viruses, some fungi like ringworm; human herpes simplex viruses; Transmissible Gastro-enteritis of swine; Mouse Hepatitis Virus; and a few parasites. 13

BIOSAFETY LEVEL 2 Primary hazards: accidental needle sticks exposure to eyes and nose ingestion of infectious materials Agents do not cause lethal infections, are not transmissible via airborne route (do not cause infection if tiny droplets become airborne and are inhaled, which might occur if the material were spattered) Agents are pathogens for which immunization or antibiotic treatment is available Extreme care should be taken with contaminated needles and sharp lab instruments

Procedures required to contain risk group 2 organisms The laboratory should be separated from all other activities. A biohazard sign should be present and visible. (policies to restrict access to lab) All the surfaces in the laboratory should be readily cleanable An autoclave should be present. A certified HEPA filtered class 1 or 2 biological cabinet should be available for the manipulation of organisms. Gloves and a laboratory coat should be worn at all times in the laboratory.

Biosafety Containment Level 3 Risk Group 3 infectious agents are pathogens that usually cause serious human or animal disease, or which can result in serious economic consequences, but do not ordinarily spread by casual contact from one individual to another (high individual risk, low community risk), or that can be treated by antimicrobial or antiparasitic agents. Risk Group 3 pathogens include bacteria such as anthrax, Q Fever, tuberculosis, and viruses such as hanta viruses, Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV - all isolates), eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses.

Procedures required to contain riskgroup 3 organisms Laboratory staff must be fully trained in the handling of pathogenic and other hazardous material, in the use of safety equipment, disposal techniques, handling of contaminated waste, and emergency response. Standard operating procedures must be pasted in visible spot. Equipment must include an autoclave and a certified HEPA filtered class II biological safety cabinet All activities involving infectious materials to be conducted in biological safety cabinets or other appropriate combinations of personal protective and physical containment devices.

BSL- 4 Designed for use with: Highly toxic/infectious agents Agents that are at a very high risk for forming infectious aerosols Life threatening agents Ex. Ebola, Marburg, Lassa

Special Practices Only those that work in the BSL-4 lab will be allowed entry A logbook must be signed each time one comes in or out of the lab with the date and time The doors must have a universal hazard label with…. Description of the infectious agent (s) Responsible director All lab personnel are trained specially for BSL-4 by lab director Lab personnel must be vaccinated for the agents… Present in the lab That have potential to be in the lab Baseline serum samples are collected and stored for serological surveillance Makes sure the personnel have sufficient antibodies for the pathogens they are working with Biosafety manual is adopted for that lab

Special Practices Supplies/materials are brought into the lab by a double door autoclave that…. is secured so that materials can be removed from the interior door is decontaminated after each use Plastic is substituted for glass when possible Eliminate sharps such as capillaries, scalpels, needles and syringes Broken glass should be handled with a dust pan and broom Non-disposable and disposable sharps collected in a hard container to be transported to an autoclave for decontamination; disposables are thrown out

Safety Equipment (primary barriers) Class III biological safety cabinets for handling infectious material or…. BSC must be validated on a 12 month period The PPE required is a… one-piece jumpsuit gloves closed toe shoes All will be removed in the inner room after showering

Laboratory Facility (secondary barrier) BSL-4 labs are housed in separate buildings or isolated within a building with lower BSL labs Outer and inner change rooms Walls, floors and ceilings have sealed internal shells keep pests out Liquid and heat stabile for decontaminating purposes Drains have chemical disinfectant traps attached to liquid waste decontamination system All waste must be decontaminated including shower waste HEPA filters in vents for sterile air Filter air exhaust from the class III biological safety cabinets.

Quiz Some of the differences between a fume hood and a biological safety cabinet (BSC) are that a BSC protects both the user and the material inside the cabinet and that the exhaust is HEPA filtered. A. True B. False PPE is: A. Personal protective equipment B. Public protective equipment C. Possible protective equipment D. All of the above Which of the following items is considered sharp? A. Needles B. Scalpels C. Microscopic slides and coverslips A laboratory working with human cell lines must display the biohazard symbol on areas where the work is performed or materials are stored. B. False  UV light can be utilized as the sole form of decontamination in a biological safety cabinet.

Hands should be washed before and after working in a biological safety cabinet. A. True B. False A. Disinfect the work surface of the BSC before and after work B. Disinfect all items which go into and come out of the BSC C. Do not store any items in the BSC D. Allow the BSC to operate before work begins and after work ceases E. All of the above.  Which of the following practices are not allowed in the laboratory? A. Eating and Drinking B. Applying Cosmetics C. Handling Contact Lenses D. All of the above.  It is appropriate to wear two gloves and carry loose tubes in the elevator.  When it is hot outside, it is okay to wear sandals to work in the laboratory.  How should biological materials that need to be transported from the lab to another location be handled? A. Wear a lab coat and transport materials in your pocket B. Wear gloves and carry the material in your hands C. Seal materials in a leak-proof, shatter-resistant secondary container D. Cells in cell culture flasks and dishes are fine for transport

Every lab is required to have both a First Aid kit and a Spill kit. A. True B. False Pipet tips and microcentrifuge tubes can be stored in the biological safety cabinet. It is okay to wear sandals in the lab as long as you also wear socks. Which of the following statements about Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) are correct? A. PPE should be worn and stored only inside the laboratory B. PPE should be chosen based upon the work being completed C. Employees utilizing PPE should be properly trained D. All of the above. When working with infectious biological material, the best place to perform the work would be: a) In a Biological Safety Cabinet b) On the laboratory bench c) On a clean bench, wearing a dust mask d) In a Fume Hood