Development Review What are the stages of development? (Did you come up with a good mnemonic?!) Gametes, zygote, 2-cell stage, 4-cell stage, 8-cell stage, morula, blastula, gastrula, fetus, baby, adult

Assisted Reproductive Technologies

Infertility The inability of a couple to have a baby About 15% of couples in North America are infertile Reasons include: low sperm count, low hormone levels, certain diseases Can sometimes be corrected through medical treatment In many situations, the couple must try assisted reproductive technologies

Assisted Reproductive Technologies Procedures that help infertile couples have children Types: Artificial insemination In vitro fertilization Gamete intrafallopian transfer Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Artificial Insemination Procedure: sperm is collected from a male and injected into a female Has been used for farm animals for 200+ years Why would farmers want to use this technique? To produce offspring with optimal characteristics like larger animals used for meat, or cows that produce more milk, etc. This technique can also be used in humans Sperm donors can be used when there is a problem with the man’s sperm cells

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Procedure: Egg and sperm cells are removed and egg cells are fertilized in petri dish. Zygotes develop into embryos and are planted into woman’s uterus The woman is given lots of hormones so she produces more eggs which can give her nausea, dizziness and headaches Since more than one embryo is placed in uterus, the chance of multiple births increases

In Vitro Fertilization The success rate of IVF: The first IVF baby to be born in the world was Louise Brown of England in 1978, and in Canada was Robbie Reid in 1983 Since 1978, more than 8 million babies have been born by IVF worldwide Age of Woman Success Rate Up to 35 40% Up to 39 20% Up to 43 10%

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxp61bDPjus

Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) Procedure: Egg cells are removed from a woman’s ovaries and combined with sperm cells to make a “mixture” of eggs and sperm. The mixture is immediately injected into the woman’s fallopian tubes. How is this different from IVF? This differs from IVF because embryo is not produced outside of woman’s body

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) Procedure: A single sperm cell is injected into an egg cell. The resulting zygote is then inserted into the uterus of the woman About 25% of ICSI procedures result in a birth How is this different from IVF? The zygote is implanted instead of an embryo

Ethical Issues What should happen to leftover embryos from the IVF process? Could be used for stem cell and gene therapy research but is it wrong to use an embryo which could develop into a human for such purposes? Is it wrong to discard embryos? Who owns these embryos? What about the unknown identity of sperm donors… is it fair to keep a child’s father secret?

Task Create a brochure for a reproductive health clinic (it can definitely be fictional – be creative!) The brochure should summarize the different types of assisted reproductive technologies (4 total) Also have a page introducing your clinic and/or discussing infertility (with statistics) Include info about how each technology works and other necessary info (i.e. success rate, what type of cases it works on, etc.) Info can be found in notes and p 224-229 in text