Bell Ringer QUESTION #121 QUESTION #122 QUESTION #123 Answer the following questions in the EOC Practice Packet in the back of your INB: QUESTION #121 QUESTION #122 QUESTION #123

Question 121 The United States’ justification for dropping atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was that— a. the bomb’s destructive power might end the war more quickly b. Japan’s military power was created in these two cities c. Japan had attacked major cities in other nations d. Japan was on the verge of developing its own atomic weapon

Question 122 Following World War II, the Nuremberg Tribunal established the principle that— a. citizens charged with war crimes must be tried in their home country b. only a nation’s leader can be charged with war crimes c. military leaders are more responsible for war crimes than civilian authorities d. obedience to the nation’s wartime policies does not excuse guilt for crimes against humanity

Question 123 President Harry Truman’s decision to use atomic bombs against Japan was primarily based on his belief that— a. an invasion of Japan would result in excessive American casualties b. Germany would refuse to surrender in Europe c. an alliance was developing between Japan and the Soviet Union d. Japan was in the process of developing its own atomic weapons

The Cold War Begins Essential Question: Why did the United States and Soviet Union enter into the Cold War?

TEKS and Objectives We will… I will… (8A) describe the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Pan, NATO, and the Berlin Airlift Complete a handout correctly identifying the roots and characteristics of the Cold War

The Roots of the Cold War United States Wanted to spread democracy and capitalism Soviet Union Wanted other countries to adopt communism Why a “cold” war? Threat of war Two Superpowers never fight directly

One political party, the Communist Party multi-party democracy Category Political System One political party, the Communist Party multi-party democracy Organizations All labor groups run by Communist Party Unions negotiate w/employers Economic System Industries/farms owned by state; central planners determine the nation’s economic needs; limited private property; education/healthcare provided by state Free enterprise system; private ownership of property; supply and demand determine prices; people meet their own needs with some limited government Religion Religion is discouraged Free exercise of religion Individual Rights Secret police arrest opponents; censorship; no free exercise of beliefs Freedom of press and expression Soviet Communism American Democracy

The Yalta and Potsdam Conferences Yalta – February 1945 Who? Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin (The Big Three) Outcome? Plan for post-war Europe Agreed to form United Nations Free elections in liberated countries and Poland Germany? divided into four occupation zones Berlin also divided

The Yalta and Potsdam Conferences Potsdam – July 1945 Who? Truman, Attlee, and Stalin What changed? Germany had surrendered U.S. secretly tested atomic bomb during conference Stalin’s growing distrust of the West

Beginning of the Cold War Soviet Union Troops occupied Eastern Europe and placed local Communists in power No free elections in Poland United States Refused to share secrets behind atomic bomb

Beginning of the Cold War Iron Curtain Divided Communist East from Democratic West Limited travel/communication for 40 years

Origins of U.S. Containment Policy Stop Communism from spreading to other countries Truman Doctrine Greece and Turkey threatened with Communist takeover Truman vowed to support any country fighting Communism

In the Truman Doctrine, President Truman promised to support any country fighting Communism: “I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted [conquest] by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid, which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes.” Do you think the United States should have offered aid to all nations facing such threats? Explain.

A historian, Stephen Ambrose, once wrote: “Truman realized that he could never get the economy-minded Republicans— and the public that stood behind them—to shell out tax dollars to support a rather shabby King in Greece. Truman had to describe the Greek situation in universal terms, good versus evil, to get their support. In a single sentence, Truman defined American policy for the next twenty years. Whenever and wherever an anti-Communist government was threatened by insurgents, foreign invasion, or even diplomatic pressure, the United States would supply political, economic, and most of all military aid.” What is Ambrose’s view of the Truman Doctrine?

The Marshall Plan (1948) Post-War Europe Faced with famine Cities reduced to rubble Desperate people attracted to Communism

The Marshall Plan (1948) George C. Marshall Secretary of State Proposed massive aid for European countries to rebuild their economies Success of the Marshall Plan Speeded recovery of Western Europe Created allies and trading partners for U.S.

Germany West Germany (1948) Berlin Blockade Merger of the 4 zones (French, British, and American) Berlin in the Soviet Zone Berlin Blockade Soviet Union blocked Allies’ railway, road, and canal access to East Berlin

Germany Berlin Airlift (1948-1949) Fed/supplied West Berlin for almost a year Stalin backed off Soviets built Berlin Wall in 1961

NATO and the Warsaw Pact North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) Collective security (members pledged to defend each other) Warsaw Pact (1955) Response to NATO Soviet Union and Eastern European satellites