Contact: Sue@dissertationedit.org Citation Tutorial Contact: Sue@dissertationedit.org DissertationEdit.org Copyright DissertationEdit.org, 2018-2019

Why Cite? The use of a citation is to give someone credit for their work Use of someone else’s intellectual material requires giving them credit Would you want someone using your written work (and the thought that went into it) without telling the a reader it was from you? Probably not Citations are in-text notations that tell a reader where you got the information that you are using from All citations must point back to a qualified reference in your Reference section You can not have orphaned citations or references Any use of someone else’s material must have citation(s) and a reference

When Must You Cite Anytime you use someone else’s material you must provide a citation in proper format Every time you are using someone’s material you must cite. That means wherever you use that person’s material you must cite Whether you use the material once or in multiple places in your writing, you must make the reader aware of the original source of the material You may have to cite an author multiple times The next few slides will provide examples

Anatomy of a Citation A citation has two basic parts, depending on how the citation is used in a particular sentence (All citations must have an accompanying reference that the reader can find in the Reference section): Two parts of a citation: Author(s) information Date of publication Standard format when the author(s) are not identified in the sentence: A recent study (Lee, 2017) suggests that… Standard form when the author(s) names are in the sentence: A recent study by Lee (2017) suggests that…

General Format for Citations First, the author(s) information is normally LAST name only. There are exceptions when similar author(s) names could be confused when referring to the Reference for the citation (See APA manual) Secondly, the date of publication should be as shown in the Reference section

Author Information - Examples An earlier slide showed the general use of author(s) information. Here are specific examples when the author(s) name(s) are not in the sentence itself: A single author: (Lee, 2017) Two authors: (Lee & Smith, 2017) Three to five authors: (Lee, Smith, & Richards, 2017) With more than five authors, you would use the form et al on the first use (more on that later) Notice, no first name for initials of the first name

More on Author(s) Information When the author information is used directly in the sentence, you would use last names, with the date of publication in parentheses: Single author: Lee (2017) Two authors: Lee and Smith (2017) (You DO NOT use an ampersand) Three to five authors: Lee, Smith, and Richards (2017) With three to five authors, you must provide the citation as shown above and on the previous slide. However, in subsequent citations for a set of authors you would use et al. Example from above and the previous slide: Lee et al. (2017) where the author information is directly in sentence (Lee et al., 2017) where the author information is not directly in the sentence Note: For all citations with three or more authors, you must provide the full citation information on the first occurrence and then use of et al. for subsequent citations of the same source (See slide Special Considerations on use of et al. for six or more authors)

Multiple Sources in Same Citation There are times when the material being used comes from multiple sources. Below are examples of the citation treatment: Where the author information is in parentheses: (Lee, Smith, & Richards, 2017; Young, 2016) You need to cite all sources. The citation needs to be in alphabetical order (based in order in the Reference section) Where the author information is directly in the sentence: Lee, Smith, and Richards (2017) and Young (2016)…

Special Considerations Where there are six or more authors for a source, you use et al. on the first occurrence and for all subsequent citations.

When to Cite There are two schools of thought on the matter of providing a citation: Must be provided in each paragraph where the source is used If the source of material in use continues on in the next paragraph, you would cite again At the beginning of a section of text where you are using the source. You only cite when you change to another source. You would not cite over and over in adjoining paragraphs Note: Generally, you do not continually cite from sentence to sentence (Over citation) You must cite when the source you are referring changes (even if in the same sentence) Ask your faculty instructor for guidance as to frequency of citing