DAILY RECOVERY FROM WORK-RELATED EFFORT DURING NON-WORK TIME Demetrouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Geurts, S.A.E., Taris, T. W.

Theories that help us to understand the process of recovery Effort- Recovery Model Effort is mobilized by the activation of Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary (SAM) system which regulates cardiovascular activity Sympathetic activation – adrenalin and noradrenalin Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) – stress hormone cortisol After work conditions- under optimal conditions- people return to their prestressor levels

Theories that help us to understand the process of recovery Effort- Recovery Model Under what circumstances the crucial process of recovery is hampered? ( Geurts & Sonnentag, 2006) Prolonged exposure to work demands ( daily over time work) Exposure to effortful demands Difficulty to psychologically detach from job stressors Rumination about past stressors Anticipation of future stressors

Theories that help us to understand the process of recovery Conservation of Resources Theory People strive to obtain, retain, protect and build resources that are important to them Resources Self esteem Good marriage Level of vigor |

Theories that help us to understand the process of recovery Conservation of Resources Theory People strive to obtain, retain, protect and build resources that are important to them Conservation Engaging in leisure time activities refill people’s batteries |

Theories that help us to understand the process of recovery Allostatic Load Model Alloatasis The process of how the phsiological system adjusts form one level of activation to the other Change from activity to rest A healthy response of an allosctatic system – central nervous system, endocrine system and immune system Iniate a response to adapt to the current demanding situation Sustain this reaction till demanding situation ends Shutting off the response after the demand is no longer imposed to the system The system then will enter a state of rest Adaptive response to workload Incerase in heart rate and blood pressure Allostatic load is a patophysiological outcome – the system fails to shut off |

Conceptualization of Recovery Is the process during which an individual’s functioning returns to its pre-stressor level Recovery experience Is degree to which the individual perceives the activities he/she does during non-work time helps him/her to restore energy resources Fatigue as a proxy Elaveted levels of fatigue is used to identify individuals who failed to recover

Recovery activities Sleep Restorative function and maintains performance (Campbell, 1992). Individuals with high levels of fatigue have fewer hours of sleep amd require extra efort to conduct their work Cognitive arousal at bed time is associated with increased sleep disturbance Cropley, Dijk, and Stanley (2006) found that ruminating about work issues one hour before bedtime was associated with greater sleep disturbance

Recovery activities Sleep Adults need 7-9 hours of sleep Children 9- 10 hours 15- 20 minutes nap is very benefical for recovery ( Takahashi, Fukuda, & Arito, 1998). Lamont et al., ( 2006) reported that lay over time between flights positively affected performance of the flight attendants Sonnentag et al.( 2008) found that sleep quality was positevely associated with mood (positive affect, serenity) amd negatively with negative affect and fatigue.

Recovery activities Low effort activities Passive activities that require harly any effort Watching TV, listening to music or just relaxing on the sofa doing nothing. Effects of low effort activities on recovery is mixed Rook and Zijlstra (2006) – had little or no effect on recovery Sonnentag (2001) – related to well-being at bed time among teachers Sonnentag and Natter (2004) – no effect of well-being among flight attendants

Recovery activities Relaxation activities A state which is characterized by low activation and positive affect Meditation, taking a walk , taking a long hot bath, yoga, breathig exercises. They reduce psycho-physiological activation- the system can return to its prestressor state Activities are pleasurable and incerase positive affectivity – has favourable effects on well-being

Recovery activities Relaxation activities Negatively correlated with health complaints, exhaustion, sleep problems and need for recovery. Positevely correlated with well-being Previous day meditation/prayer increased sleep quality and inter-shift recovery Daily recovery mediated the link between meditation/prayer and acute fatigue ( Garrick, Winwood, & Bakker, 2008).

Recovery activities Social activities Acivities that focus on social contact Going to party, dining, phoning other people These activities may have recovery functions They provide social support Draw on different resources than those necessary for work- related tasks

Recovery activities Social activities Sonnentag and Zijlstar (2006) found that social activities were positevely related to well-being at bed time and negativeşy related to need for recovery. However Sonnentag and Bayer (2005) – unrelated to positive mood as well as to fatigue at bedtime. Sonnentag and Natter (2004) – involvement in social activities was related to higher feeling sof depression at bedtime Talking about work? Relaxing for some people but not for others Extraverts and introverts ???

Recovery activities Physical activities Behaviours including exercise, physical training and sports etc. Endorphin levels, serotonin and dopamine The completion of effortful task ( including exercise) brings about sense of mastery, achievement and self- efficacy that enhance positive mood and well-being. Consistent evidence – well-being at bed time is improved on days when individuals spend time on physical activities ( Sonnentag, 2001; Sonnentag & Bayer, 2003; Sonnentag & Natter, 2004).

Recovery activities Physical activities Behaviours including exercise, physical training and sports etc. Physical activities have a positive effect on vigor and mood amd negative effect on depression

Recovery activities Creative activities Hobbies or creative activities have received very little attention They provide mastery experiences. Winwood et al. (2007) found that employees reporting higher levels of hobby activities reported better sleep and recovery between work periods and lower chronic maladaptive fatigue. Garrick et al. (2008) found that engagement in hobbies increased recovery which in turn had a positive effect on next days’ work engagement.

Psyhological experiences with a potential for recovery Psyhological detachment Psychological detachment Individuals’ sense of being away from work – not only physically but also psychologically Individuals top thinking about work and disengages himself/herself from work When individuals do not detach and think abot their work issues during non work time they are cognitevely aroused ( Cropley et al., 2006). When they deatch from their work – no further demands tax their psyhobiological system ( Sonnentag & Fritz, 2007).

Psyhological experiences with a potential for recovery Psyhological detachment People who experience psyhologcail detachment from work during leisure time reported better mood, less negative effect, less fatigue. Psyhological detachment is useful after stressful and demanding work days Experiences on the job and nature of the job related cognitions determines level of recovery and recovery related outcomes.

Psyhological experiences with a potential for recovery Humor Humor states benefit stress and coping Cardiac rehabilitation and pain threshold Engaging in humorous activities result in Decreased fatigue increased recovery Higher subsequent work engagement Garrick et al. (2008) – time spent on laughing or being engaged in humor was related to inter-shift recovery and sleep quality. Did not influence next day work engagement and fatigue. |

Psyhological experiences with a potential for recovery Work related activities Activities that have compulsory character – task related activities similiar to those conducted at work |

Psyhological experiences with a potential for recovery Household and child care activities

FACTORS INHIBITING RECOVERY WORK- RELATED Job demands – particularly work overload determine our daily mood or affect ( Zohar, Tzischinski,& Epstein, 2005). High workload coincide with impaired well- being depletes employees’ energy resources. Overtime influences daily recovery – it increases the demands on employees and act as a stressor and increases fatigue. If employees work overtime time left for recovery is shortened

FACTORS INHIBITING RECOVERY WORK- RELATED Rau and Triemer (2004) followed participants for 24h with a computerized diary and monitored their blood pressure – to test the recovery and overtime. Overtime impacted both organization of after work activities and night-time recovery Men and women worked overtime had less leisure time men reported less time for household, childcare etc. Than those working regular hours. People who work overtime were found to have a disturbed ability to recover and display sleep disturbances.

FACTORS INHIBITING RECOVERY NON-WORK HASSLES On going stressors in day-to day life –private life Problems with car Conflicts with a family member Too much household problems These hassles interrupt recovery processes and drain emotional resources because they put additional load on the individual ( Fritz & Sonnentag, 2005).

FACTORS INHIBITING RECOVERY NON-WORK HASSLES They are unpredictable and unexpected therefore people do not deal them adequately. These hassles explained 20% of variance in daily mood. Non-work hassles during the weekend contributed to poor general well- being, poor task performance higher disengagement from work, lower levels of personal initiative ( Fritz & Sonnentag, 2005).

Need for Recovery Sense of urgency that people feel to take a break from their demands – when they feel fatigue. Need for recovery from work can be seen early stages of long-term strain process leading to prolonged fatigue., psychological distress and cardiovascular complaints.

Need for Recovery Need for recovery Find it difficult to relax at the end of a working day Can not concentrate during their free time after work Need free days to rest Feel tired when they start a new working day

Need for Recovery Need for recovery Individuals who are exposed to high work demands experience higher need for recovery. Also home demands Positive relationship between demands and need for recovery Frings- Dresen (2004) found that truck drivers’ physical, psychological and supervisor demands were positively related to need for recovery.

Need for Recovery Need for recovery Individuals who are exposed to high work demands experience higher need for recovery. Also home demands Positive relationship between demands and need for recovery Frings- Dresen (2004) found that truck drivers’ physical, psychological and supervisor demands were positively related to need for recovery.

Need for Recovery Need for recovery Job resources Job control and social support have been related to need for recovery. Job control was significantly related to lower need for recovery during bed time

Need for Recovery Negative affectivity and well-being when returning home were significant predictors of need for recovery during bedtime. People who spent a high amount of time on work-related activities had a stronger need for recovery at bedtime High amounts of time spent on social activities and physical activities had negative effects on need for recovery (Sonnentag & Zijlstra, 2006).

Outcomes of Need for Recovery Need for recovery was positively related to employee volunteer turnover in two year follow up study among truck drivers ( De Croon at al., 2004). High needs of recovery were associated with an increased risk of leaving shift work High needs of recovery were associated sickness absence Need for recovery was a major predictor of psychosomatic complaints, sleep complaints and emotional complaints.