"THE BIG 4" MACROMOLECULES Key vocabulary terms Macromolecule Polymer Monomer

CHNOPS: The Six Most Abundant Elements of Life Identify the most common elements in living things Identify the most common elements in living things and recognize elements from compounds. CHNOPS: The Six Most Abundant Elements of Life

Element & Compound Element is a pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom. Hydrogen Oxygen Compound a substance consisting of two or more different chemical elements. H2O

Hydrogen Bonding Are the bonds between base pairs (C-G, A-T)

What do these words mean? Micro MACRO

Polymer "Poly" Polygons Polyester Polygamy Means..Many

What does “Mono” mean? 1

3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found on foods nutrition labels 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found on foods nutrition labels. All four are found in foods. FAT 1____________________ 2____________________ 3____________________ (0 grams in this product) Carbohydrates (13 grams in this product) Protein (9 grams in this product)

What is the fourth type of biochemical macromolecule?

The 4th type of biochemical macromolecules are the NUCLEIC ACIDS The types of Nucleic Acids DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)

CARBOHYDRATES THINK: “CHO” Each carbohydrate is made up of the following elements… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen THINK: “CHO”

CARBOHYDRATES

CARBOHYDRATES

CARBOHYDRATES Monomer of carbohydrate is a monosaccharide. MADE UP OF... Monomer of carbohydrate is a monosaccharide. Polymer of carbohydrate is a polysaccharide (starch) The most common monomer of carbohydrates is… GLUCOSE

CARBOHYDRATES WHERE ARE THEY FOUND? In plant foods- in the cell walls of plants --- in fruits, vegetables, peas, beans, (pasta, potatoes, bread, candy, cookies) --------------------------------------------------- In animal products- in MILK

CARBOHYDRATES WHAT DO THEY DO? They are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel! Used for quick energy. They make up the cell wall in plants This type of carbohydrate is called Cellulose. THINK: CARBS= ENERGY and CELL WALLS

LIPIDS THINK: “CHO” Each Lipid is made up of the following elements… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen THINK: “CHO”

LIPIDS

Lipids are composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids which make a…. MADE UP OF... Lipids are composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids which make a…. TRIGLYCERIDES

LIPIDS WHAT DO THEY DO? They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future. Make up the cell membrane They INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs for protection. They produce hormones for the body called STERIODS They waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are waxes! THINK: Waterproof, insulate, steroids, energy, cushion… “WISE C”

LIPIDS WHERE ARE THEY FOUND? In plants- in the seeds In animals- Adipose+ Connective tissue Lipids make up the cell membrane MARGARINE OILS BUTTER

LIPIDS…Some interesting info Steriods... There are many different types of steroids. They are all lipids. Their functions vary. Some common steroids are: SEX STEROIDS ANABOLIC STERIODS CHOLESTEROL They increase muscle Like testosterone and estrogen

PROTEINS THINK: “CHON” Each protein is made up of the following elements… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, Nitrogen THINK: “CHON”

PROTEINS

Amino acids… Proteins

PROTEINS MADE UP OF... The polymer of proteins are polypeptide chain The monomer of proteins are amino acids (20 kinds of amino acids) Amino acids are attached together to from the polypeptide chain by peptide bonds

Proteins

The shapes of proteins are like a balled up piece of string

PROTEINS WHAT DO THEY DO? They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them They make up antibodies in the immune system They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions They makeup non-steriod hormones which THINK: Proteins= membranes, enzymes, antibodies, non-steriod hormones, structural molecules, “MEANS”

Hair, Skin, Nails, Muscles, Ligaments, Tendons, and Bones

Nucleic Acids THINK: “CHONP” Each nucleic acid is made up of the following elements… Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen THINK: “CHONP”

Nucleic Acids

Polymer of nucleic acid is DNA and RNA Nucleic Acids MADE UP OF... Polymer of nucleic acid is DNA and RNA The monomer of nucleic acid is a nucleotide (made up of sugar, phosphate and a nitrogen base)

Nucleic Acids WHAT DO THEY DO DNA Is our genetic material. Chromosomes are made of DNA. Chromosomes contain the “recipes” to make proteins for your body. RNA Reads the DNA “protein recipes” and makes the proteins for your body.

The shape of a nucleic acid is: DNA is a double helix RNA is a single strand

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. The Role of Enzymes Enzymes speed up chemical reactions.

Characteristics of Chemical Reactions All chemical reactions involve reactants and Products. Reactants are the atoms, molecules or compounds that enter a into a chemical reaction. Products are the atoms, molecules or compounds that result from the reaction Photosynthesis Reactants Products (light energy) Carbon Dioxide + water Glucose + Oxygen CO2 H2O C6H12O6 6O2

Activation Energy: the energy needed to get a reaction started. Enzymes lower the activation energy

Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. If you didn’t have enzymes in your stomach to speed up digestion, the food would rot in your stomach because it would take so long!

Protein that acts as a catalyst for a biochemical reaction. Enzymes Protein that acts as a catalyst for a biochemical reaction. Explain why enzymes are important to living things.. 3-dimensional structure of a human pancreatic lipase

Catalyst Material that speeds up a reaction without being used up.

Enzymes can form to the shape of its substrate Enzymes can form to the shape of its substrate. They fit together much like a lock and key. When the reaction finishes, the products are released. The enzyme, which is unchanged , can then repeat the process. It is not used up I

Substrate Molecule on which an enzyme acts.

Active Site Pocket formed in the folds of an enzyme and to which a substrate binds: site of reaction catalyzed by an enzyme.

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ENZYMES STOP WORKING WHEN CONDITIONS ARE NOT RIGHT Different enzymes operate under: Certain temperature ranges Certain pH ranges Certain enzyme specificity ENZYMES STOP WORKING WHEN CONDITIONS ARE NOT RIGHT

Denaturing The changing in shape of the enzyme What are some things that can denature an enzyme? Temperature and pH

Temperature What is the optimal temperature for the above reaction?

Effects of pH Enzymes are affected by changes in pH. The most favorable pH value - the point where the enzyme is most active - is known as the optimum pH. Extremely high or low pH values generally result in complete loss of activity for most enzymes. pH is also a factor in the stability of enzymes.

1. What best describes how enzymes function in the body? a.  Enzymes are converted into products by the reactions they catalyze. b.  Enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions c.  One enzyme can catalyze many different reactions. d.  An enzyme is used once and then destroyed by the cell

a. antibody b. enzyme c. hormone. d. inorganic compound 2. The diagram below illustrates a biochemical process that occurs in organisms. The substance labeled catalyst is also known as a(n) a.  antibody b.  enzyme c.  hormone. d.  inorganic compound

3. The enzyme catalase is involved in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.  During this reaction, the catalase a.  is unchanged. b.  is used up. c.  is changed into a product. d.  is formed into a new enzyme

Which graph best illustrates the changes in a reaction when the catalyst reduces the amount of energy required? a. b. c. d.

Which statement best describes the enzyme represented in the graphs below? (1.) This enzyme works best at a temperature of 35 C and a pH of 8.  (2.) This enzyme works best at a temperature of 50 C and a pH of 12.  (3.) Temperature and pH have no influence on the activity of this enzyme.   (4.) This enzyme works best at a temperature above 50 C and a pH above 12

Why will the enzyme convert only sugar molecule A to usable energy? Sugar molecule A is converted to usable energy by a specific enzyme. If a different sugar molecule B is substituted, the energy conversion will not occur, as shown below. Why will the enzyme convert only sugar molecule A to usable energy? F. The enzyme is specific to a type of sugar. G. The concentration of molecules is different in each sugar. H. The sugar molecule A may be degrading the sugar molecule