CHAPTER 28 THE PROGRESSIVE ERA

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Presentation transcript:

CHAPTER 28 THE PROGRESSIVE ERA Established the principle of presidential initiative in progressive reform. A tough character. Created a template to continue to increase the power of the national government. AMERICA SEEKS REFORMS IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY 1890-1920

ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVISM The Progressives had their roots in the Greenback Labor Party of the 1870s and 1880s, the Populist Party of the 1890s and the Social Gospel. Though the Populists failed at supplanting one of the major political parties, their legacy lived on in the growth of the Progressives Promoted a belief, a general optimism, and a faith in the reality of progress, something that is destined to happen through the collective exertions of an entire society.

PURPOSE OF PROGRESSIVISM The strong progressive movement demanded that the powers of government be applied to solving the political, economic and social problems of industrialization. Increase honesty and efficiency in government, regulate monopolies, americanize immigrants and substitute the use science and rational thinking in planning. We are living in such a complicated world that we now move toward being led by experts, professionals.

FOUR GOALS OF REFORMERS 1) Protect Social Welfare 2) Promote Moral Improvement 3) Create Economic Reform/Foster Efficiency 4) Reform Government

1.PROTECT SOCIAL & MORAL WELFARE Some reformers felt that the answer to societies problems was personal behavior They proposed such reforms as prohibition Groups wishing to ban alcohol included the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) Saloons became seen as a vice instead of a social place Carrie Nation was a leader of the Temperance Movement

3. CREATE ECONOMIC REFORM Fear of the Power of Monopolies The Panic of 1893 prompted some Americans to question the capitalist economic system As a result some workers embraced socialism (Communal ownership of universal goods and services) Eugene Debs organized the American Socialist Party in 1901 Fear of centralized power Debs encouraged workers to reject American Capitalism

MUCKRAKERS CRITICIZE BIG BUSINESS Though most progressives did not embrace socialism, many writers saw the truth in Debs’ criticism Journalists known as “Muckrakers” exposed corruption in business make society efficient, not reject capitalism Ida Tarbell exposed Standard Oil Company’s cut-throat methods of eliminating competition Ida Tarbell Some view Michael Moore as a modern muckraker

FOSTERING EFFICIENCY Many Progressive leaders put their faith in scientific principles to make society better In Industry, Frederick Taylor began using time & motion studies to improve factory efficiency Taylorism became an Industry fad as factories sought to complete each task quickly Ideas were to make society efficient, not reject capitalism

REGULATING BIG BUSINESS Under the progressive Republican leadership of Robert La Follette, Wisconsin led the way in regulating big business Direct Taxes on Corporations Regulated railroads

PROTECTING WORKING CHILDREN Keating-Owen Act - As the number of child workers rose, reformers worked to end child labor Children were more prone to accidents caused by fatigue Nearly every state limited or banned child labor by 1918 Keating-Owens Child Labor Act

EFFORTS TO LIMIT HOURS Progressives succeeded in winning worker’s compensation to aid families of injured workers The Supreme Court and the states enacted or strengthened laws reducing women’s hours of work

4. CLEANING UP LOCAL GOVERNMENT Efforts at reforming local government stemmed from the desire to make government more efficient and responsive to citizens Some believe it also was meant to limit immigrants influence in local governments

Progressivism first gained strength at the city and state level Urban issues become center of reform City is perceived as a social menace full of disorder Overcrowded, pollution, illness, poor sanitation Immigrants settle in core of city while the rich move out to the suburbs Jane Addams becomes Garbage Commissioner in Chicago. Why, because the government is waiting for the competitors to offer the best bribe in order to get the contract. In the meantime, Addams steps in to solve to problem. And battling the boss system. through strengthening the government and making it more efficient

Pendleton Civil Service Act An early Progressive action passed in order to take corruption from patronage out of government and promote efficiency

Honest Graft and Dishonest Graft: Problems in the City Early public welfare system - If you lose your job and place to live, you go to the Boss for help – in return you vote for whomever the Boss tells you to vote Widespread fraud and inefficiency Someone can rise from humble origins to powerful positions, but often through graft and bribery Cities are not organized well to handle the new issues facing the modern cities Early solution was the Boss system (Boss Tweed, Plunkett, etc.) that had begun in establishing political machines in response to the earlier influx of immigration of the 1840s

Strengthening the government because they can do it more efficiently Detroit – Mayor Pingrey changes the way contracts are awarded Instead of bribe and patronage established a bid system Puts them in a place where they will be decided for the common good Takes it out of politics Ex. Utility rates, studies and discovers Detroit pays more compared to other cities Bargains with utility companies (monopoly) for lower rates When they won’t he starts a public utility to fund at lower rates Ex. Does this with streetcars as well, as advocate for the people of the city, he wants a $.03 cent rate – takes over street cars Eventually, Street Car companies gave in Appointing of city managers begins or commissioners to run different aspects, takes away power from the concentration in a boss. Appointing of city managers begins or commissioners to run different aspects, takes away power from the concentration in a boss.

Tenement Housing Jacob Riis, a photographer Documented life of the lower class in the cities in his book How the Other Half Lives

Don’t stop & restrict immigration … Employers felt little responsibility toward their workers, especially immigrants As a result Settlement homes, like Jane Addams’ Hull House, and churches served the community Also the YMCA and Salvation Army took on service roles Finding a Better way, don’t stop and restrict immigration, instead finda better way to assimilate immigrates into our society. Instead find a better way to assimilate immigrants into our society.

“Fighting” Robert La Follette Election Reform Citizens fought for, and won, such measures as secret ballots, referendum votes (legislative acts could be approved by people), and the recall (removal of a public official, often deemed corrupt,from office by a vote of the people ) Citizens could petition and get initiatives on the ballot Direct Primary – voters vote directly on candidate for the political party Makes government power more responsive to the people Direct Tax on Corporations and Railroad Regulations

Accidents Prompt Reform: The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Prompts NY to pass labor law reforms: safety standards, inspectors