The Cardiovascular System

II. Blood Vessels Introduction Venules Arterioles Veins Arteries Capillaries

II-A Blood Vessels (Vascular) A. Blood Vessel Structure Artery Define General Function Pressure Wall thickness & elasticity b. Vein Wall Valves Artery Valve Open Valve Vein Valve Closed

Valve (open) Valve (closed) Vein Contracted skeletal muscle Valve (closed) Vein Direction of blood flow Figure 11.11

A. Blood Vessel Structure … c. Cappillaries Structure Precapillary Sphincters Function Cap. Bed Overall Function: Exchange of substances Cappillary Bed Sphincters Relaxed Sphincters Constricted

Figure 11.13 Arteries of the head and trunk Internal carotid artery External carotid artery Common carotid arteries Vertebral artery Arteries that supply the upper limb Subclavian artery Subclavian artery Brachiocephalic trunk Aortic arch Axillary artery Ascending aorta Coronary artery Thoracic aorta (above diaphragm) Brachial artery Celiac trunk Abdominal aorta Superior mesenteric artery Radial artery Ulnar artery Renal artery Gonadal artery Deep palmar arch Superficial palmar arch Digital arteries Inferior mesenteric artery Arteries that supply the lower limb Common iliac artery External iliac artery Femoral artery Popliteal artery Internal iliac artery Anterior tibial artery Posterior tibial artery Dorsalis pedis artery Arcuate artery Figure 11.13

B. Major Arteries of System Circulation: (know what it branches from & where it is going) 1. Aorta a. Largest artery in the body b. *Heart Region attached to: c. Regions– all Regions of the Aorta have arterial branches that then go to specific body regions *Ascending aorta: location *Aortic arch: location *Thoracic aorta: location Goes through Diaphragm *Abdominal aorta: location

Major Arteries of System Circulation … 2. Arterial branches of Aorta *Right & left coronary arteries *Amount of O2 in blood: *Delivers blood to: b. Right & Left Common Carotid Arteries Location: Amount of O2 in blood: Delivers blood to:

Aorta Arterial Branches … c. *Gastric Arteries– supplies: d. *Common Hepatic Artery– supplies: e. *Renal Arteries—supplies:

Figure 11.14 Veins of the head and trunk Dural venous sinuses External jugular vein Vertebral vein Internal jugular vein Veins that drain the upper limb Subclavian vein Right and left brachiocephalic veins Axillary vein Superior vena cava Cephalic vein Brachial vein Great cardiac vein Basilic vein Hepatic veins Splenic vein Hepatic portal vein Renal vein Median cubital vein Superior mesenteric vein Ulnar vein Radial vein Inferior mesenteric vein Digital veins Veins that drain the lower limb External iliac vein Inferior vena cava Femoral vein Common iliac vein Great saphenous vein Popliteal vein Internal iliac vein Posterior tibial vein Anterior tibial vein Small saphenous vein Dorsal venous arch Dorsal metatarsal veins Figure 11.14

C. Major Veins of Systemic Circulation 1. *Superior vena cava *Amount of O2 in blood *Body region drained: 2. *Inferior Vena Cava 3. *Cardiac Veins 4. Veins draining into the Superior Vena Cava *Jugular veins (Internal & External):

Major Veins of Systemic Circulation … 4. Veins draining into the Inferior Vena Cava: the following drain regions that the arteries of the same name took blood to b. Hepatic Veins d. Renal Veins c. Gastric

D. Fetal Circulation 1. Blood flow differences: In Fetus blood bypasses the lungs & Right Ventricle of Heart Why? 2. Foramen Ovale: Fossa Ovalis in adult 3. Ductus Arteriosus: Ligamentum Arteriosum in adult

Fossa Ovalis ligamentum arteriosum

Umbilical arteries (2)—carry carbon dioxide and wastes Fetal Circulation … Superior vena cava Ductus arteriosus 4. Fetal Nutrition: a. Placenta b. Umbilical cord: Umbilical arteries (2)—carry carbon dioxide and wastes Umbilical vein—carries nutrients and oxygen Pulmonary artery Pulmonary veins Foramen ovale Inferior vena cava Hepatic vein Ductus venosus Inferior vena cava Hepatic portal vein Umbilical vein Fetal umbilicus Aorta Common iliac artery Umbilical cord External iliac artery Internal iliac artery Umbilical arteries Urinary bladder KEY: High oxygenation Moderate oxygenation Low oxygenation Very low oxygenation Placenta

E. Physiology of Blood vessels 1. Pulse and Heart Rate Superficial temporal artery = Pressure wave of blood as heart contracts and relaxes; same as heart rate a. *Pressure Points: define Wrist Upper neck b. Pulse averages 70 to 76 beats per minute at rest Facial artery Common carotid artery Brachial artery Radial artery Femoral artery Popliteal artery Posterior tibial artery Dorsalis pedis artery

2. Blood Pressure: BP *= define a. Measured in mmHg Systolic: describe Diastolic: describe Average: 120/80 mm Hg b. *Sphygmomanometer: define

c. Factors that affect BP: i) Cardiac Output: amount of blood leaving the heart per time Water content Heart rate ii) Peripheral Resistance = friction blood encounters as it flows through vessels mostly due to the diameter of the blood vessels. The higher the resistance, the higher the BP Constricted, then Resistance ____________ Dilated, then Resistance ____________

iii) Other Factors that affect BP Age-- older ____________ BP Weight– too much  Exercise– not enough  Emotional state– stress & fear Amount of salt in diet d. Control of Blood Pressure Nervous System’s affect on heart rate and blood vessel diameter Endocrine System via hormones (some from kidney) affects the amount of water and ions (Na+) in the blood

END F. Diseases of the Cardiovascular System *1. Hypertension = Blood Pressure is consistently high High systolic: above 130 - 140 mm Hg High diastolic: above 90 *Health Result: *2. Atherosclerosis = Fatty/Cholesteral deposit in the inside of Blood Vessels END