Hydroxychloroquine Induces Autophagic Cell Death of Human Dermal Fibroblasts: Implications for Treating Fibrotic Skin Diseases  Aarne Oikarinen  Journal of Investigative Dermatology  Volume 129, Issue 10, Pages 2333-2335 (October 2009) DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.164 Copyright © 2009 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Schematic model of the major steps in autophagy. Under starvation (1), signal transduction results in the inhibition of Tor kinase (2) and the induction of autophagy. Membrane from an unknown source sequesters cytoplasm (3) and forms a double-membrane autophagosome (4). The autophagosome fuses with a lysosome/vacuole (5). After fusion, a single-membrane autophagic body is formed, which is then degraded in the lysosome/vacuole, allowing the recycling of its cellular constituents (6). Modified from Wang and Klionsky (2003) with permission from the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2009 129, 2333-2335DOI: (10.1038/jid.2009.164) Copyright © 2009 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions