HOW TO FORM THE PRESENT PERFECT

To make the positive present perfect tense, use: 'HAVE' / 'HAS' + THE PAST PARTICIPLE Make the past participle by adding 'ed' to regular verbs (for example, 'play' becomes 'played’) There are a few verbs that change their spelling when you add 'ed' (for example, 'study' becomes 'studied’) We also have some completely irregular verbs POSİTİVE POSİTİVE SHORT FORM I have played I've played you have worked you've worked he has written he's written she has walked she's walked it has rained it's rained we have travelled we've travelled they have studied they've studied

MAKE THE POSITIVE PRESENT PERFECT (I / study / French) (She / eat / octopus) (They / go / to Scotland) (We / read / that book) (He / live / here for three years) (You / know / David for ten years) (We / be / here for two weeks) (I / lose / my keys) (He / drink / too much coffee) (They / miss / the train)

11) (She / go / to Peru) 12) (We / eat / too much chocolate) 13) (I / have / breakfast this morning) 14) (John / miss / the train) 15) (Lucy / cook / breakfast) 16) (They / write / to the politician) 17) (You / find / your wallet) 18) (I / meet / his mother) 19) (We / try / roller-skating) 20) (She / pass / the exam)

The negative is really simple too The negative is really simple too. Just put 'not' after 'have' or 'has': NEGATİVE NEGATİVE SHORT FORM I have not eaten breakfast today I haven't eaten you have not been to Asia you haven't been he has not seen the new film he hasn't seen she has not played tennis she hasn't played it has not snowed this winter it hasn't snowed we have not slept all night we haven't slept they have not tried the food they haven't tried

MAKE THE NEGATIVE PRESENT PERFECT (We / not / go / to Paris) (She / not / see / The Lord of the Rings) (He / not / meet / my mother) (They / not / visit / St. Paul’s) (I / not / know / him for three months) (You / not / study / French for ten years) (They / not / be / in London for six months) (He / not / hurt / his leg) (She / not / leave / her phone in a taxi) (We / not / lose / our tickets

11) (She / not / make / dinner) 12) (They / not / arrive / yet) 13) (Lucy / not / do / her homework) 14) (I / not / read / that book) 15) (He / not / live / in Berlin) 16) (John / not / buy / any food) 17) (She / not / clean / the kitchen) 18) (You / not / call / me) 19) (We / not / find / the book yet) 20) (They / not / sleep / well)

To make a question, put 'have' or 'has' in front of the subject: 'Yes / No' Questions Have I missed the bus? Have you visited London? Has he worked as a waiter before? Has she met John? Has it been cold this week? Have we arrived too early? Have they studied English grammar before?

As you can imagine, for 'wh' questions, we just put the question word before 'have' or 'has': Where have I left my umbrella? What have you done today? Why has he gone already? Where has she been in the UK? Why has it rained so much this summer? What have we done? Where have they learned English before?

MAKE PRESENT PERFECT 'YES / NO' OR 'WH' QUESTIONS (You / read / War and Peace)? (She / be / late for a meeting)? (He / meet / your family yet)? (They / live / here as long as we have)? (You / go / to Australia)? (She / miss / the bus)? (I / meet / you before)? (They / take / the exam)? (She / work / in this company for fifteen years)? (How long / she / live in London)?

11) (Where / you / be). 12) (How much coffee / you / drink today) 11) (Where / you / be)? 12) (How much coffee / you / drink today)? 13) (What / you / do today)? 14) (How long / he / work here)? 15) (Why / you / bring that)? 16) (How many times / you / visit Scotland)? 17) (How many books / you / read this week)? 18) (How long / you study English)? 19) (How much food / you / buy)? 20) (They / go / to the USA)?

UNFİNİSHED ACTİONS 1: We use this tense when we want to talk about unfinished actions or states or habits that started in the past and continue to the present. Usually we use it to say 'how long' and we need 'since' or 'for'. We often use stative verbs. I've known Karen since 1994. She's lived in London for three years. I've worked here for six months.

'SİNCE' AND 'FOR' We use 'since' with a fixed time in the past (2004, April 23rd, last year). The fixed time can be another action, which is in the past simple (since I was at school, since I arrived). I've known Sam since 1992. I've liked chocolate since I was a child. She's been here since 2pm. We use 'for' with a period of time (2 hours, three years, six months). I've known Julie for ten years. I've been hungry for hours. She's had a cold for a week.

FİNİSHED ACTİONS 2: Life experience. These are actions or events that happened sometime during a person's life. We don't say when the experience happened, and the person needs to be alive now. We often use the words 'ever' and 'never' here. I have been to Tokyo. They have visited Paris three times. We have never seen that film.

3: With an unfinished time word (this month, this week, today) 3: With an unfinished time word (this month, this week, today). The period of time is still continuing. I haven't seen her this month. She's drunk three cups of coffee today. I've already moved house twice this year! We CAN'T use the PRESENT PERFECT with a finished time word. NOT: I've seen him yesterday.

4: A finished action with a result in the present (focus on result) 4: A finished action with a result in the present (focus on result). We often use the present perfect to talk about something that happened in the recent past, but that is still true or important now. Sometimes we can use the past simple here, especially in US English. I've lost my keys (so I can't get into my house). She's hurt her leg (so she can't play tennis today). They've missed the bus (so they will be late).

5: We can also use the present perfect to talk about something that happened recently, even if there isn't a clear result in the present. This is common when we want to introduce news and we often use the words 'just / yet / already / recently'. However, the past simple is also correct in these cases, especially in US English. The Queen has given a speech. I've just seen Lucy. The Mayor has announced a new plan for the railways.

BEEN AND GONE In this tense, we use both 'been' and 'gone' as the past participle of 'go', but in slightly different circumstances. We use 'been' (often when we talk about life experience) to mean that the person we're talking about visited the place and came back. I've been to Paris (in my life, but now I'm in London, where I live). She has been to school today (but now she's back at home). They have never been to California.

We use 'gone' (often when we are talking about an action with a result in the present) to mean that the person went to the place and is at the place now. Where's John? He's gone to the shops (he's at the shops now). Julie has gone to Mexico (now she's in Mexico). They've gone to Japan for three weeks (now they're in Japan).

MAKE THE PRESENT PERFECT - IT COULD BE POSITIVE, NEGATIVE OR QUESTION. (you / keep a pet for three years) (you / eat Thai food before)? (it / rain all day)? (who / we / forget to invite)? (we / not / hear that song already) (he / not / forget his books) (she / steal all the chocolate) (I / explain it well)? (who / he / meet recently)? (how / we / finish already)?

11) (he / study Latin) 12) (I / know him for three months) 13) (where / you / study Arabic)? 14) (what countries / they / visit in Europe)? 15) (he / hurt his leg) 16) (she / leave her phone in a taxi) 17) (we / not / lose our tickets) 18) (she / call her mother)? 19) (he / take a taxi)? 20) (She / go / to the library today)

MAKE THE PRESENT PERFECT - POSITIVE, NEGATIVE OR QUESTION (you / eat lunch yet)? (he / read the newspaper today)? (you / not / study French for ten years) (they / be in London for six months) (where / you / be)? (we / not / go to Paris) (she / not / see The Lord of the Rings) (he / not / meet my mother) (they / not / visit St. Paul's Cathedral yet) (what / she / eat today)?

11) (why / you / do your homework already) 11) (why / you / do your homework already)? 12) (how / she / make this fantastic cake)? 13) (why / I / miss the plane)? 14) (they / not / go to bed) 15) (it / rain a lot this week) 16) (they / use a credit card before)? 17) (we / have enough to eat)? 18) (she / not / play basketball before) 19) (I / wear a kimono)