POST-ROMAN NORTHERN BRITAIN

The Celtic tribes of the Roman Iron Age according to Ptolemy’s map Probably based upon observations made during the Flavian invasions of the late 1st century AD

Roman Britannia

Northern Britain according to Cassius Dio Severan invasions, early 3rd century AD Later Roman period Appears to show amalgamation of tribes

Northern Britain in the mid-6th century AD Post-Roman period British kingdom in Strathclyde, Gododdin (Lothians – descendants of Votadini), Rheged (Cumbria/Galloway) Gaels/Scots have moved from Northern Ireland into Dal Riata (Argyll) Picts are in north and east Angles have arrived from northern Germany and are settling in Northumbria (Bernicia and Deira)

Northern Britain in the 10th century Settlement of Vikings from Scandinavia in north and west – Northern Isles, Western Isles, Caithness, Sutherland Mixed population in Galloway Creation of Alba – Gaelic-speaking Scottish kingdom, based in former Pictland

Viking Britain

Place-names in Scotland Reflect the languages spoken by inhabitants of different parts of Scotland in the post-Roman era: Britonnic/Cumbric (P-Celtic) – cair (fort) e.g. Cramond, Carlisle Pictish (P-Celtic) – pit (share) e.g. Pitlochry; aber (confluence of rivers) e.g. Aberdeen Gaelic (Q-Celtic) – cill (church) e.g. Kildonan; inver (confluence of rivers) e.g. Inverness Anglian (Old English) – ham (settlement) e.g. Coldingham; tun (enclosure) e.g. Haddington Norse – dale (valley) e.g. Helmsdale; vik (bay) e.g. Lerwick