Ch.1. The Environmental Isotopes

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Ch.1. The Environmental Isotopes What is isotopes? ISO (same) + TOPE (position) Elements having same no of proton (Z), but different no of neutron (N) The same elements with different masses (A) AZEN (188O10)  Or smiply AE (18O) .

Types of isotopes Isotones & isobars ? Stable Unstable Radiogenic Heavy Light Nontraditional stable Isotones & isobars ?

Plot of Z vs. N for nuclides up to tin (Z = 50) showing the’ stable valley’ of the nuclides. See Fig. 1-1 on p.3 From www.sprawls.org/ppmi2/RADIOTRANS/

Magic number of neutron? (2, 8, 28, 50, 82, 126) What is environmental isotopes? The isotopes used in the environmental studies (in the text, especially for the environmental hydrogeological studies)

Significance of environmental isotopes (in hydrogeology)? Trace groundwater provenance Estimate groundwater age Interpretation of groundwater quality Understanding geochemical evolution (reactions and reaction rates) and recharge processes Recognizing geochemical & biogeochemical cycles of pollutants among soil-water-atmosphere

How to express isotopic compositions? d = (Rsample-Rstd)/Rstd * 1,000 (‰) Where R=(heavier isotope)/(lighter isotope) Example: d18O = {(18O/16O)sample - (18O/16O)std }/ {(18O/16O)std *1,000 See Table 1-1 on p.6 for the commonly used stable environmental isotopes

Stable isotope standards and measurements Also See Table 1-1 on p.6. Discuss The expression of each isotopic compositions Standard materials for different isotopes Preparation for the measurements (extraction methods) Read from p.7 to p.13

Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) See Fig. 1-4 on p.14 Discuss The basic instrumentation of mass spectrometer What would be the advantage of ratio mass How does the carrier gas He (continuous flow inlet) improve the system What kind of interface would be possible for the smple inlet (front end) (for example Elemental analyzer or laser ablation)

General Instrumentation of Mass Spectrometer (TIMS) From http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/carey/student/olc/ch13ms.html

General Instrumentation of Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer From http://web.sahra.arizona.edu/programs/isotopes/methods/gas.html

Typical Instrumentation of Accelerator Mass Spectrometer From http://web2.ges.gla.ac.uk/~dfabel/AMS/AMS_schematic.html