JEFFERSON'S PRESIDENCY #3 Rise of the Democratic Republicans

THOMAS JEFFERSON Virginia Father of the Declaration Secretary of State under President Washington Vice President under Adams Third President of the U.S. (under the U.S. Constitution) Greatest accomplishment: Purchase of Louisiana in 1803.

A Man of Contradictions See if you can identify Jefferson’s contradictions. Jefferson realized that “ideas” are often hard to put into practice in the “real world”.

REVOLUTION OF 1800 Significance of Election of 1800 John Adams Thomas Jefferson Federalist Democratic/Republican Significance of Election of 1800 Peaceful transfer of power from one rival party to another political party and no one is killed! Proves that the American Republic is working. Jefferson referred to his victory and the subsequent change-over as “the bloodless revolution”

Election of 1800 - the Democratic Republicans defeated the Federalists and Adams. Problem: Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr both received the same number of electors = Tie.

ELECTION OF 1800 Solution: This meant that the House of Representatives was required to choose a president. Ironically, Hamilton campaigned for Jefferson as President.

Hamilton campaigned for Jefferson!? Hamilton and Jefferson disagreed on most issues. Hamilton believed Burr to be “a most unfit and dangerous man.” It took the House 35 ballots, but Jefferson won thanks to Hamilton’s support.

ELECTION OF 1800 Election of 1800: For the second time, a president was saddled with a vice-president he did not want. To eliminate future problems: 12th Amendment: Requires party to specify President and VP so their would never be a tie. Federalists Democratic Republicans Adams--Pres---65 Jefferson---Pres.---73 Burr---VP----73 electoral college

Reduce size of federal gov’t. JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY Goals: Reduce size of federal gov’t. States’ Rights - States are best protectors of liberty. Rural, agrarian nation of yeoman farmers.

Kept most Federalist programs. Continued to uphold the treaties signed by Adams & Washington. Did not remove tariffs, B.U.S., funding at par, or assumption of debt. WHY? Federalist diplomats signed good treaties with England, Spain, France, and kept US out of war. (Followed policy of Neutrality) The Bank of the United States was helpful and est. sound currency.

Rolled back Federalist policies Pardoned those convicted under the Sedition Act Reduced residency requirement for citizenship back to 5 years.

Jefferson and his treasurer Albert Gallatin set out to reduce the national debt Under Hamilton, the government had borrowed money to finance national growth. Jefferson trimmed the federal budget and cut taxes to reduce the size of the national government. Believed in fiscal responsibility but couldn’t manage his own financial affairs.

Jeffersonian democracy Jefferson’s Presidency is considered a transitional period in US History. Many historians look at this time period of expanded democracy. TJ believed the National Government became too powerful during Washington and Adam’s Presidency. Would try to reduce National Govt. power but actually expands Presidential power. KING GEORGE FEDERALISTS JEFFERSON Jeffersonian democracy

Jeffersonian democracy Visualized an agrarian society Feared industrialization and its effects Farmers were the chosen class. Laissez faire -- govt. stays out of people’s lives Felt slavery would eventually end but predicted it would divide country. Ultimate goal: African Americans would assimilate into American society. Co-existence with Native Americans was a long range goal but felt they would have to learn agricultural ways and become self-sufficient. For the time being, felt Native Americans & whites could not co-exist and worked towards voluntary removal of tribes to western lands. Jeffersonian democracy

In 1800, France & Spain signed secret pacts & France acquired Louisiana & New Orleans French Land in 1801 Great Britain’s land after 1783 United States in 1783 Spanish land New Orleans is a highly desirable port. WHY?

Haitian rev NEW ORLEANS By 1800 many in the United States saw New Orleans as a key to the new nation's future expansion and prosperity. France regained Louisiana – Jefferson fears French ambitions.

He offered to buy New Orleans from France for $10 million. Buying New Orleans & LOUISIANA Jefferson knew that the French would use their New Orleans’ strategic location to restrict American trade along the river. He offered to buy New Orleans from France for $10 million.

Haitian rev HAITIAN REVOLUTION Toussaint L’Ouverture, led a slave rebellion in French Haiti. Napoleon was unable to put down this rebellion. This forced Napoleon to abandon his goal of French colonies in America so he countered the American offer with all of Louisiana for $15 Million. (828,000 square miles of land in the heart of the continent.)

LOUISIANA PURCHASE Louisiana purchase Since Napoleon lost Haiti & was at war with Great Britain, he offered the entire Louisiana Territory to US for $15 million. Jefferson authorized the purchased of the Louisiana Territory, making it the “deal of the century.” (3 ¢ an acre). Doubled the size of the US and assured “farmland for a thousand years.” Considered Jefferson’s greatest accomplishment Why? Didn’t fight a war; no blood shed.

CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTION This sparks a large debate: Did the President have the right to purchase land if it is not expressly stated in the US Constitution? Jefferson used implied powers or “loose construction” to justify his decision. “It was for the best interest of the nation. It is the case of a guardian, investing the money of his ward in purchasing an important adjacent territory; and saying to him when of age, I did this for your good; I pretend to no right to bind you; you may disavow me, and I must get out of the scrape as I can: I thought it my duty to risk myself for you.” LP Constitutional ?

CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTION Hamilton and Federalists were against the purchase Why? Federalists feared it would shift power away from the Federalist Party. Federalists feared Jefferson’s vision of an “agrarian society” Jefferson referred to this as his “valley of democracy” LP Constitutional ?

Constitutional Controversy Conflicted with his commitment to debt reduction. Conflicted with his strict interpretation of the Constitution Conflicted with his ideal of a small national government. LP Constitutional ?

Expansion of the United States Map 6 of 45

Expansion of the United States with Louisiana Purchase 1803 Map 7 of 45 Doubled the size of the US. 628,000 miles = .03/ acre.

Corp of Discovery: 28 men who accompanied Lewis/Clark Jefferson sent Merriweather Lewis and William Clark to explore north Louisiana. Corp of Discovery: 28 men who accompanied Lewis/Clark included York, a slave. Purpose: Map the area of purchase. Collect samples. Establish good relations with Indians. Claim lands to the Pacific. They anticipated a crowded wilderness and hoped to cement relations with Native Americans. Lewis sent boxes of natural history specimens to Jefferson, including plant and tree cuttings

Interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark SACAJAWEA Interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark Her knowledge of trails and mountain passes helped with the success of the expedition. She was also a “diplomat” for Lewis and Clark. Knew the languages of mountain tribes. An expedition of all men looked dangerous to the Indians but led by a woman with a baby made the expedition look peaceful. She was the 15-year old wife of a French Canadian trader Toussaint Charbonneau. She and York were never paid for their services. York requested to be freed after expedition in order to join his wife but he was not freed.

Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr were political rivals. HAMILTON VS BURR Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr were political rivals. Burr challenged Hamilton to a dual. Burr killed Hamilton in Weehawken, NJ With his honor at stake, Hamilton accepted the duel even though his son Philip had died from dueling wounds. New York had a law against dueling so the two men met in New Jersey. Hamilton’s death in 1804 deprived the Federalists of their last great leader and earned Burr the hatred of many.

BarBary States Pirates from the Barbary States began seizing American merchant ships and holding their crews for ransom or sold into slavery in Africa. Pres. Jefferson sent a U.S. Navy squadron to attack Tripoli and stop Barbary Pirate attacks on U.S. shipping. First U.S. foreign war. Brought international respect.

Britain and France Still at War The US, used Britain and France as trade partners but suffered greatly from the blockades. To add insult to injury, the British began stopping American ships and impressing our sailors.

Jefferson’s response: So he passed the Embargo Act? He couldn’t go to war against the British because the US Navy was no match for England’s forces. So he passed the Embargo Act? The “OGRABME.”

Jefferson’s Embargo sent U.S. into economic recession. Jefferson’s Embargo Act By Executive Order – Jefferson forbid all American shipping from leaving U.S. ports. This cut off trade with all foreign nations and Jefferson hoped to avoid war and gain foreign respect. Jefferson’s Embargo sent U.S. into economic recession. England and France were at war & traded most of their natural resources with the US He was attempting to defend US neutrality by stopping all American exports to the world

While boycotting, he decided to increase military & naval expenditures Embargo Act hurt the US because it shut down America’s import and export business, causing disastrous economic results. New England’s economy collapsed (talks of secession started), and smuggling became widespread. Jefferson repealed the unsuccessful Embargo Act. Thomas Jefferson's Embargo Act of 1807, a self-imposed prohibition on trade with Europe during the Napoleonic Wars, badly damaged the U.S. economy without achieving the law's purpose of getting the warring powers to recognize U.S. neutrality. The Embargo Act hurt American businesses because they could not trade Americans started smuggling goods to foreign countries Economic situation was so bad it made New England states talk about secession Lasted 15 months & repealed in March of 1809

EMBARGO ACT American people became angry with Jefferson The Embargo Act was thus replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act which opened trade but forbid trade with France and Great Britain. A Federalist circular in Massachusetts against the embargo cried out, “Let every man who holds the name of America dear to him , stretch forth his hands and put this accursed thing, this Embargo from him. Be resolute, act like sons of liberty, of God, and your country; nerve your arms with vengeance against the Despot (Jefferson) who would wrest the inestimable germ of your Independence from you---and you shall be Conquerors!!!” “Our ships all in motion, Once whiten’d the ocean; They sail’d and return’d with a Cargo; Now doom’d to decay They are fallen a prey, To Jefferson, worms and EMBARGO.”

A Man of Contradictions Expanded power of Pres. and size of Gov’t Anti-British/Pro-French Almost allied with England and went to war with France to force Napoleon out of New Orleans. Against slavery Owned 200 slaves. Strict Construction of Constitution Used loose construction of Constitution to justify his purchase of the Louisiana territory. Expanded power of Pres. and size of Gov’t Examples???