Biology Study Guide

EQ: How does a cell maintain homeostasis? Cells have organelles and structures that help to maintain a constant internal balance.

Homeostasis An organisms ability to maintain a stable internal environment

Passive Transport A form of transport that move substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the use of energy. Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis

Diffusion The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane without the use of energy.

Osmosis The movement of water from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the use of energy. Three types of tonic solution Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic

Facilitated diffusion A form of passive transport that uses a channel or carrier protein to move larger substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration .

Active Transport The movement of substance against the concentration gradient (low to high) with the use of ATP (energy)

Endocytosis A form of active transport that brings materials into the cell via the cell membrane Phagocytosis – cell eating Pinocytosis – cell drinking

Exocytosis A form of active transport that pushes substances out of the cell in vesicles.

Diffusion causes materials to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration Osmosis is the diffusion of water The cell membrane is the organelle that controls the movement of material in and out of the cell

The effects of hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions Hypotonic Hypertonic Isotonic The water moved _Out____ The Cell ___Shrinks________ The water moved _at equal rates in and out The Cell ___stays the same__________ The water moved _IN____ The Cell __Swells___________

What process moves materials from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration? Passive Transport

What type of transport does not require energy? Passive transport

What type of transport does require energy? ACTIVE Transport

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) What is the energy currency of the cell? ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

What is a vesicle? Small sac used to transport material through the cell. Made by the Golgi apparatus/Golgi bodies

What is a type of passive transport that uses transport proteins? Facilitated diffusion

What type of active transport that uses transport proteins? NA/K pumps

What type of active transport moves material into the cell? Endocytosis

What type of active transport moves material out of the cell in a vesicle? Exocytosis

What is the difference in concentration between two spaces called? Concentration gradient (High to Low) or (Low to High) Concentration equilibrium

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution? The cell will swell

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution? The cell will shrinks

What happens to a cell in an isotonic solution? The cell will stay the same

What is a hypertonic solution? A solution where there are more solutes outside the cell than inside the cell. Water goes to the location that has more solutes. The cell will shrinks.

What is a hypotonic solution? A solution where there are more solutes inside the cell than outside the cell. Water goes to the location that has more solutes. Cell will swell.

If the outside of a cell and the inside of the cell are now isotonic, then the cells has reached what point? Dynamic Equilibrium

The process of an organism maintaining internal balance. What is homeostasis? The process of an organism maintaining internal balance.

What happens to a plant that has been sprinkled with water? The plant will shrink

What is another name for the plasma membrane? The cell membrane

To repair cells and speed up reactions Enzymes, meats, muscles Organic Compound Made of Function Uses/Examples Proteins Amino Acids To repair cells and speed up reactions Enzymes, meats, muscles Lipids Fatty acids and glycerol To store long term energy and insulation Fats, oils, and waxes Carbohydrates Monosaccharides To provide quick energy Sugars, breads Nucleic Acids Nucleotides To store and transmit genetic information DNA and RNA

Enzymes are a type of Protein

What is the purpose of an enzyme? To speed up chemical reactions by lower activation energy.

Why is the structure of an enzyme referred to as a “lock and key”?

How does a cell divide? Via reproduction

What process do cells use to create new cells? Asexual reproduction Mitosis Binary Fission Budding Sexual Reproduction Meiosis

Draw to the stages of the cell cycle and describe what is happening in each stage. Interphase

Draw to the stages of the cell cycle and describe what is happening in each stage.

Draw to the stages of the cell cycle and describe what is happening in each stage. Metaphase

Draw to the stages of the cell cycle and describe what is happening in each stage. Anaphase

Draw to the stages of the cell cycle and describe what is happening in each stage. Telophase

Draw a picture of a typical eukaryotic animal cell and label the organelles. In the chart below, describe the function of each organelle.

Cell Organelle Function Nucleus The control center of the cell that stores genetic information in the form of DNA Nucleolus Organelle found in the nucleus that produce ribosomes Ribosomes Used to create protein by adding one amino acid at a time. Endoplasmic Reticulum The highway/transport system of the cell. Rough ER have ribosomes and smooth ER synthesizes lipids. Golgi Apparatus Packages and ships proteins and lipids out of the cell Vesicle Small packages that are formed by the Golgi apparatus and the cell membrane. Cytoskeleton The cell’s skeleton that helps the cell maintain its shape. Mitochondria Responsible for turning sugar (glucose) into ATP (energy)

What is the difference a prokaryote and eukaryote? Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelle (i.e. mitochondria)

Name at least differences between a plant cell and an animal cell. Plants cells Have a Cell wall Have chloroplasts Have a Large Central Vacoule Animal Cells Do not cell walls Have Lysosomes Have small vacoules

Water Characteristic Definition Example Polar Cohesion Adhesion Capillary Action Surface Tension High Specific Heat

Genetics What process does your body use to make gametes, sex cells? Meiosis

92 46 46 23 23 23 23

What is an advantage of sexual reproduction? Genetic Variation

What is an advantage of asexual reproduction? Faster reproduction More offspring Only one parent

Detailed picture of DNA In DNA A- T C- G In RNA A- U C -G

What is heredity? The passing of traits mentally or physically from generation to the next generation.

What is genetics? Genetics is the study of heredity and how traits are passed from parent to offspring.

Who is known as the father of genetics? Gregor Mendel

Using the letter A, what are the three possible geneotypes? AA Homozygous Dominant Aa Heterozygous aa Homozygous Recessive

What are phenotypes? Phenotypes are the physical traits The traits that you see Eye color Hair color Nose shape Height

If P is for purples, and p is for white, describe the genotypes and phenotypes of the below examples a (Pp)= Purple b) (PP) = Purple c) (pp) = white

Using the Punnett square, make a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous Aa A a A Aa a

DNA to Protein DNA  RNA Protein

How do we get more DNA? Name two enzymes involved. DNA replication (During S phase of Interphase) Helicase DNA Polymerase Name two enzymes involved.

Describe the steps that cells go through to make proteins. DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus (transcriptions) mRNA leaves the nucleus and finds a ribosome mRNA attaches to the rRNA at the ribosome tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome The mRNA is read through the ribosome three nucleotides at a time As the mRNA is read tRNA brings the corresponding amino acid Amino acids form a long chain called a polypeptide chain. Once the polypeptide chain forms a shape it is called a protein.

Fill in the words transcription and translation above each arrow Transcription Translation DNA RNA Amino Acid/Protein

What are the three types of RNA used for? rRNA – can be found at the site of protein synthesis. Used to help form ribosomal complex. mRNA – used to take the message from the DNA (in the nucleus) to the ribosome (cytoplasm or rough ER) to help in the expression of a gene. tRNA – used to transfer amino acids to the ribosome as mRNA is being translated (read).

A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence

List several causes of genetic mutations Radiation (X-rays, UltraViolet rays, gamma rays etc) Chemicals (glycophosphates in pesticides, cigarette smoke) Viruses

If the there is a change in the genetic code, ultimately, it will cause a change in the sequence of DNA and thus a different protein

Read the passage and answer the question List two genetic disorders and state the cause of each one . Read passage for answer Name three types of mutations: Substitution (point mutation) Insertion (Frameshift to the right) Deletion (Frameshift to the left)

How is DNA fingerprinting used? To match patterns of DNA with individuals Paternity test Crime scene forensics

How has DNA technology been used to produce better plants? Scientist and companies have genetically modified crops to withstand droughts, pests, and to grow larger much faster.

Recombinant DNA has been used to insert the human gene for insulin into bacteria so the bacteria can produce it.

How can recombinant DNA be used in industry? It can be used to mass produce traits that humans desire such as insulin, THC from marijuana plants etc.

Photosynthesis Questions

Cellular Respiration Diagram

Who uses cellular respiration? All living eukaryotic organisms

What is needed for cellular respiration? Glucose Oxygen

What is produced during cellular respiration? Carbon dioxide/ CO2 Water/H2O 38 ATP

Our body uses energy in the form of ATP

Compare aerobic respiration to anaerobic

Draw the energy cycle between photosynthesis and respiration, so that you can see the circle of life and how we are all connected.