Chapter 10 Medieval Kingdoms in Europe LESSON 1 – Feudalism LESSON 2 – Peasants, Trade and Cities LESSON 3 – The Growth of European Kingdoms Other countries outlawed other religions as the church wanted and the monarchs were their muscle who passed and enforced laws for the church -Must attend church every week -Must give a tide to the church -heresy www.glscott.org

Peasants, Trade and Cities 1000 and 1300, the population almost doubled in Europe (approx. 38 million>>>> 74 million Why? More peaceful and settled because invasions lessened Climate changed: warming trend improved farm/food output A warm trend affected Europe from about 800-1200, which allowed more regions to grow crops New farming methods also emerged: Changed from oxen to horses that could to jobs more quickly Had to develop a new harness to do so Began to use a 3 field system rather than a 2 field system -Could grow crops on 2/3 of land, rather than ½ More food led to an increased population www.glscott.org

Peasants, Trade and Cities 3) New Methods of Farming: Carruca: heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare that was pulled by 6-8 oxen www.glscott.org

Peasants, Trade and Cities 2) New farming villages: people could not afford expensive farm equipment, worked together and shared their equipment 3) Three Field System: Planted two fields, let one rest >>> fields to regain soil fertility www.glscott.org

THE MANORIAL SYSTEM Feudalism was the political and economic system in Europe during these Middle Ages MANORIALISM was the economic support for it Manor is an agricultural estate part of a lord or vassal's land holdings www.glscott.org

THE MANORIAL SYSTEM Serfs that worked land were part of the holding Not slaves but they couldn't leave the land without permission Did agricultural and other types of labor, plus paid rent usually in the form of crops www.glscott.org

THE MANORIAL SYSTEM Their lives were very simple: stick type huts with thatched roofs 2) small plot of land for their use 3) bread-main part of their diet In many medieval towns, by law, people had to "couvre-feu" at night (cover the fire to prevent house fires and to stop people from working at night; the origin of the word "curfew In good weather, they left the laundry outside for days at a time and relied on sunlight to freshen it -In the winter, they kept livestock indoors to exploit the animals' body heat to keep the house warm, and to keep the valuable animals from getting cold and sick. -They covered their floors with straw to collect the animals urine and feces (for the whole winter) -The word “threshold” derives from the wooden barrier placed at the door to keep the threshed straw inside One of the nice things about having a two-story house back then is that you didn't have to sleep with the pigs in winter -Medieval people feared getting wet because they knew that getting wet caused illness. www.glscott.org

THE MANORIAL SYSTEM 4) ate vegetable soup when available – rarely ate meat 5) most lived in small villages controlled by the lord as part of his fief Medieval people feared getting wet because they knew that getting wet caused illness. Therefore, baths were a rare luxury No running water meant it had to be hauled. No hot water meant it had to be heated in the kitchen There was a race: the bath water might cool faster than the hot water got hot A “merkin” was a triangular piece of animal fur that noble ladies wore in their crotch to collect fleas (it would be changed regularly) www.glscott.org

THE MANORIAL SYSTEM The Revival of Trade Trade had gradually stopped after the fall of western Rome in 476CE What is the effect, of the decline of trade, on Western Europe? 2) Began a gradual recovery by the 1000-1100's www.glscott.org

THE MANORIAL SYSTEM The Revival of Trade 3) Some Italian cities sprang back first and developed fleets of ships that allowed them to become major trade centers Artisans began crafting goods for long-distance trade Trade routes sprang up both overland and on seas Most trade took place in towns during fairs where people traded cloth, foods, spices, and tools Now not all goods were produced on a manor www.glscott.org

THE MANORIAL SYSTEM The Revival of Trade 4) In Northern Europe known as Flanders, trade cities began to form along the North Sea and Baltic Sea regions www.glscott.org

THE MANORIAL SYSTEM The Revival of Trade 5) Hanseatic League: Northern cities joined together to protect trade and to promote economic gain in their areas The league was created to protect the guilds' economic interests and diplomatic privileges in their affiliated cities and countries, as well as along the trade routes the merchants visited The Hanseatic cities had their own legal system and furnished their own armies for mutual protection and aid. Despite this, the organization was not a state, nor could it be called a confederation of city-states www.glscott.org

THE MANORIAL SYSTEM The Revival of Trade 6) *Trade Fairs: Established by: The Counts of Champagne (N. France) Merchants could exchange goods with merchants from other areas Encouraged a demand for payment in gold and silver Led to the development of a monetary economy, rather than barter (barter?) The Count of Champagne was the ruler of the region of Champagne from 950 to 1316. Champagne evolved from the county of Troyes in the late eleventh century and Hugh I was the first to officially use the title "Count of Champagne" www.glscott.org

The Growth of Cities Town/City life greatly declined, but merchants began to settle in old abandoned Roman cities 2) The growth in trade led to a revival of the cities Middle Ages cities and towns were the engines of economic prosperity   Peasant could not hunt on the land nor could he cut down trees, he could gather limbs that were already fallen www.glscott.org

4) New cities were also founded The Growth of Cities 3) Many craftspeople with skills followed and populations began to grow 4) New cities were also founded 5) Most towns part of a lord’s holding and subject to his authority and control www.glscott.org

Townspeople were called “Burghers” The Growth of Cities 6) The lords saw an opportunity to make a profit selling privileges and liberties to the people who acquired freedoms and rights in this way 7) Merchants called bourgeoisie (from the German word, burger) which meant "a walled enclosure" Townspeople were called “Burghers” Merchants would need a significant amount of money to begin their own business, which would usually be borrowed from a Jewish moneylender Banking eventually became a huge industry in Italy especially Many serfs fled the manors to live in the growing towns. - Townspeople were called “Burghers” After living in a town for a year and a day, a serf became a free man. Burgermeister (German) or English Burger master - master of the people or citizens (mayor) www.glscott.org

8) Different groups of craftsmen and artisans The Growth of Cities 8) Different groups of craftsmen and artisans established guilds to set quality standards for the goods produced This improved economic conditions in the cities Guilds, or a group of people having the same occupation, oversaw the wages and prices of artisans, as well as quality To be a member, you had to be a master; to become a master you: Worked as an apprentice for 5-9 years, starting at an early age Worked as a wage earning journeyman afterwards, honing your trade Created a “Master Piece” to be judged by the guild If your piece was found worthy, you would be admitted to the guild (worthy but not better) Apprentice to Journeyman after 7 years Journeyman from a French word meaning day worker (may now work for a days wage) www.glscott.org

small: most populations around 5,000 Characteristics of Cities small: most populations around 5,000 2) walled: small area and were very crowded Nobles hygien during the middle ages They were dirtier than you can imagine They were plagued with fleas and lice They urinated and defecated in ceramic chamber pots then threw the excreta into the street Most people wore the same clothes day after day They used brushes to clean their clothes as best they could but it was difficult to do laundry back then A nobleman would have a washerwoman or two who might do the washing once a week www.glscott.org

3) Horrible conditions: dirty, smelly, polluted Characteristics of Cities 3) Horrible conditions: dirty, smelly, polluted with human and animal waste It was hard to dry laundry unless the weather was good In bad weather, a wealthy person with a house would have used a “drying room” In winter in northern Europe, it would have been difficult to sufficiently heat a drying room www.glscott.org

5) Guilds: merchants of the same type set Characteristics of Cities 4) More men than women 5) Guilds: merchants of the same type set quality standards for goods produced www.glscott.org