By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Miss Raia The Industrial Revolution By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Miss Raia

Crystal Palace: American Pavilion

Continental Industrialization

Continental Industrialization Why did some areas industrialize quickly while others not at all? Role of Napoleonic Wars? Economic concerns? What role do tariffs begin to play in regards to the relationship between industrialized nations? Corn Laws vs. Zollverein

Industrialization By 1850

Railroads on the Continent

The New Working Class How does the social class structure change with the onset of the Industrial Revolution? How do the Enclosure Acts and the Cottage Industry give rise to the working class?

The Factory System What were the conditions like in the factories? How were men, women, and children treated differently in the factory system? How did factory life impact family? Responses to factory life: Luddites Friedrich Engels Rise of Unions Government Laws Rise of Socialism Poor Houses John Wesley & Methodism Anti – Corn Law League

Textile Factory Workers in England

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830 Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d. 11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d. 17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d. 22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d. 27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d. 32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d. 37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d. 42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d. 47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d. 52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d. 57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.

Child Labor Abandoned children became a main source of labor from local parishes and orphanages Owners exercised authority over children much like Slave owners Work hours were very long and conditions were appalling Children worked as chimney sweeps, market girls, shoemakers, etc It was not new and it was actually coming to an end as the industrial revolution matured Children and their parents worked 12 hour days

Child Labor Parliament sought to end child labor The Saddler Commission investigated working conditions and helped initiate legislation to improve conditions in factories Factory Act of 1833 Limited workday for children ages 9-13 to 8 hours a day Limited hours ages 14-18 to 12 hours Prohibited hiring children under age 9; children were to go to elementary schools factory owners were required to establish Ironically helped to destroy the pattern of families working together Employment of children declined rapidly Ten Hours Act Mines Act of 1842 – prohibited all boys and girls under the age of 10 from working underground

Worker Housing in Manchester

Factory Workers at Home

Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

The Luddites: 1811-1816 Attacks on the “frames” [power looms]. Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

Union Movement Certain leaders began organizing groups of workers to resist exploitation of the proletariat by business owners Combination Acts (1799) Parliament prohibited labor unions Reaction to fear of radicalism in the French Revolution Widely disregarded by workers Repealed in 1824 and unions became more tolerated after 1825

Union Movement Robert Owen in 1834 organized the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union Lanark factory became a model socialist/utopian city His unionization efforts failed and British labor movement moved once again after 1851 in the direction of the craft unions

The Chartists Sought political democracy Demanded universal male suffrage Key         Chartist settlements          Centres of Chartism       Area of plug riots, 1842

The “Peoples’ Charter” Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett. Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832. Votes for all men. Equal electoral districts. Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners. Payment for Members of Parliament. Annual general elections. The secret ballot.

Anti-Corn Law League, 1845 Give manufactures more outlets for their products. Expand employment. Lower the price of bread. Make British agriculture more efficient and productive. Expose trade and agriculture to foreign competition. Promote international peace through trade contact.

The Working Class Spread of Methodism John Wesley - Methodist Church What did he do that reflects the time period? What benefits did this church bring to the lives of the working class?

Urbanization & The Early Cities Where did cities develop? How were they planned? Issues in the cities? Working class injustices, gender exploitation and standard of living issues became the 19th century’s great social and political dilemmas.

Industrial Staffordshire

The Silent Highwayman - 1858 Problems of Pollution The Silent Highwayman - 1858

The New Industrial City

Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

The New Middle Class New Social Order Golden Age of the Middle Class New class of factory owners called the bourgeoisie Upper bourgeoisie: great bankers, merchants, and industrialists who demanded free enterprise and high tariffs Lower Bourgeoisie: AKA petite bourgeoisie, small industrialists, merchants, and professional men who demanded stability and security from the government

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Social Effects of Industrialization Urbanization Working class injustices, gender exploitation and standard of living issues became the 19th century’s great social and political dilemmas How did the IR impact family life? Division of labor? Living standards? How were women specifically affected?

Effects in Ireland Irish workers increasingly came to Great Britain to become urban workers Many Irish were forced out of rural Ireland by population growth and increasingly poor economic conditions Overpopulation and rural poverty most severe in Ireland

Irish Potato Famine Industrial Revolution may have prevented large-scale human tragedy like in Ireland Most lived as tenants and Protestant landlords did not improve agriculture Disease in potato crop continued to increase along with accompanying fever epidemics In 1845 and 46 and again in 1848 and 1851 the potato crop failed in Ireland and much of Europe Higher food prices widespread suffering and social unrest ensued

Irish Potato Famine Result of the Great Famine At least 1.5 million people died or went unborn 1 million fled Ireland between 1845 and 1851; 2 million left between 1840 and 1855 Most went to the US or Britain By 1911 Irish population was only 4.4 million compared with 8 million in 1845 British government response inadequate

1850 England: The Statistics Produced 2/3 of the world’s coal Produced more than ½ of the world’s iron Produced more than ½ of the world’s cotton cloth GNP rose between 1801 and 1850 350% Per capita income increased almost 100% between 1801 and 1851