Median Income: Family Households

Employment of Recent HS Grads

Poverty Rate (all persons)

Poverty Rate (Children)

Teen Birth Rates

Births to Unmarried Mothers

Children Living w/ both Parents

Infant Mortality

Life Expectancy

Urban Segregation in 20th Century: Blacks vs. Immigrants Source: Cutler, Glazer and Vigdor 2005

Asset Ownership (Wealth)

Test Scores

Popularity and Grades (’94-’95)

Crime Declines Sharply, I

Growth in Imprisonment since 1970

A Huge Racial Disparity of Policy Impact Source: US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics report, 1998

Racial Disparity in Incarceration: 1982-2001 Source: Rucker Johnson and Steven Raphael, “The effect of male incarceration dynamics on AIDS infection rates among African American women and men,” unpublished ms., Goldman School of Public Policy, UC Berkeley (July 2005)

The Inequality of Imprisonment

Inequality growing over time

Whites use drugs more than blacks

Blacks arrested more than whites

Drug Prices, Emergency Treatment and Incarceration Rates: 1980-2000 Source: Caulkins, Reuter and Taylor, “Can Supply Restrictions Lower Price?” Contributions to Economic Analysis and Policy Vol. 5 (2006)

Rise and Decline of Crack Trade?

The New Poverty Governance: Change in Numbers Incarcerated and Receiving Cash Aid:1990-2000 Source: Sanford Schram and Joseph Soss, “Coloring the terms of membership: Reinventing the divided citizenry in an era of neo-liberal paternalism” (unpublished paper, Bryn Mawr College, 2005)

Race Matters: The Effect of Black Caseload Percentage on Welfare Policy Choices in an “Average State” Source: Sanford Schram and Joseph Soss, “Coloring the terms of membership: Reinventing the divided citizenry in an era of neo-liberal paternalism” (unpublished paper, Bryn Mawr College, 2005)

Mid-1960s: a policy long racialized in practice becomes racialized in media coverage and in the public mind Correlation: r = .03 (1950-65) r = .68 (1966-96)

The New Poverty Governance: Change in Numbers Incarcerated and Receiving Cash Aid:1990-2000 Source: Sanford Schram and Joseph Soss, “Coloring the terms of membership: Reinventing the divided citizenry in an era of neo-liberal paternalism” (unpublished paper, Bryn Mawr College, 2005)

Race Matters: The Effect of Black Caseload Percentage on Welfare Policy Choices in an “Average State” Source: Sanford Schram and Joseph Soss, “Coloring the terms of membership: Reinventing the divided citizenry in an era of neo-liberal paternalism” (unpublished paper, Bryn Mawr College, 2005)

Public Policy and Racial/Ethnic Disparities Distributive Disparities: who gets more or less, and why Civic Disparities: how groups are positioned in relation to one another and vis-à-vis major societal institutions The Social Question: How can solidarity (or inclusive and equal membership) be achieved in a society divided by ethnic identities as well as material inequalities? How do public policies organize governance and define terms of membership for different social groups?

Civic Incorporation as a Goal of Poverty Policy Europe Unemployment and welfare dependence as problems of “social exclusion” Labor activation as a strategy for incorporation into the societal “mainstream” United States (The New Paternalism) Social dysfunction, behavioral pathology, and personal disorganization as sources of societal marginality “Telling the Poor What to Do” (Help and Hassle) Directive, supervisory, and punitive policies Supports to enable preferred behavior