New Imperialism Mr. Epps World History Chapter 22 SSWH14, SSWH15 Pages 692-745 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alJaltUmrGo Mr. Epps World History Chapter 22 SSWH14, SSWH15

New Imperialism New imperialism is the extension of a nation’s power over other lands, territories, countries Ideas of Social Darwinism and racism directly influenced the decisions to colonize overseas areas Racism is the belief that race determines traits and capabilities Economics affected this race = to gain national prestige, in which a nation could not be great without colonies

Africa The “Scramble for Africa” was a race to see which imperial power could conquer the most regions in 19th century Africa Countries/areas conquered include Congo (Belgium), South Africa (Britain), West Africa (France), Libya and Somaliland (Italy), Angola (Portugal) Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent Pages 692-699

Africa Picture depicting European powers/imperialists vying for control and influence in Africa. Picture from http://faculty.sfhs.com/lesleymuller/case_studies/introduction/colonial_geography/colonial_geography.html Pages 692-701

Africa Journalist Henry Stanley convinced King Leopold II of Belgium to colonize Central Africa King Leopold II of Belgium established Belgian settlements in the Congo Congo is known for its rubber trees Page 695

Ottoman Empire Egypt gained independence with Muhammad Ali (1805) Egypt became a British protectorate by 1914 Pages 692-693

The Opium War (1839-1842) China decided to limit imports on opium, in which Britain felt infringed of its right to trade and gain profit Britain declared war on the Qing and naval superiority proved successful against Qing Bannermen (group of elite soldiers) The Treaty of Nanking called for China to dismantle bans on opium imports for Britain. It ended the war Page 726

Spheres of Influence are created & opens the door for foreign influence in China Pages 724-731 Picture from: https://period7-1imperialism10.wikispaces.com/Spheres+of+Influence This political cartoon shows Britain, Germany, Russia, France, and Japan dividing China.

Japan (1868-1894) Foreign intervention (Russia and Britain) forced Japan to look internally for protection 1853, American commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Japan and demanded the opening of its ports to trade; Shogunate entered into negotiations and signed the Treaty of Kanagawa Most Japanese were disappointed in this action and called for Shogunate’s overthrow Page 738 The U.S. was the first foreign power to succeed with opening trade with Japan. Under U.S. military pressure, Japan agreed to the treaty, which provided for the return of ship-wrecked American sailors, opened two ports to Western traders and established a U.S. consulate in Japan.

Japan (1868-1894) A young Japanese emperor, Mutsuhito, embarked on a policy of reform, transforming Japan into a modern industrial nation His reign is called the Meiji, Enlightened Rule This time period in Japanese history is known as the Meiji Restoration Japanese equivalent of the French Revolution Page 740 Meiji (MAY-jee) The Satsuma and Choshu (Sat-Cho) territories, located in southern Japan, controlled the emperor, just as the shogunate had controlled earlier emperors. The Sat-Cho alliance forced the shogun to promise to end relations with the West. When Choshu troops fired on Western ships in the Strait of Shimonoseki, the Westerners fired back and destroyed the Choshu positions. When the shogun didn’t take a stronger position against the foreigners, the Sat-Cho alliance demanded that he resign and restore the emperor’s power. In January 1868, the Sat-Cho attacked the shogun’s palace in Kyoto, eventually defeating the shogun and ending the shogunate system. It is place rose the Meiji Restoration.

Japan (1868-1894) Modernization included new educational systems (universities), a conscript army (navy), new communications (telegraph), heavy industry (steel), new citizenry, & Western technology Pages 740-743

Boxer Rebellion (1900) Foreign powers applied pressure on the Qing dynasty America annexed Hawaii and the Philippines; furthered national interest in the Pacific U.S., led by Secretary of State John Hay, set forth an Open Door policy (Britain, Russia, Germany, France, Italy, Japan) Pages 730-731 Open Door policy set forth an agreement that the world powers would respect equal trading opportunities in China; each country, which exercised a sphere of influence in the region, agreed not to set tariffs that would give an unfair advantage to the citizens of their own country

Boxer Rebellion (1900) Boxer was the popular name given to members of a secret organization, Society of Harmonious Fists Boxers were upset by the foreign takeover of Chinese lands, slogan was “destroy the foreigners” Boxers killed many foreigners; resulted in 20,000 British, French, German, Russian, American and Japanese troops attacking Beijing Pages 730-731 Society of Harmonious Fists practiced a system of exercise (a form of shadowboxing) that they thought protected them from bullets. The allied army defeated the Boxers, restored order and demanded and attained additional concessions from the Chinese. The Chinese government was forced to pay a heavy indemnity (payment for damages) to the allied powers.

Russo-Japanese War (1904) Japan launched a surprise attack on the Russian naval base at Port Arthur (previously taken from China) Japanese soldiers and warships relentlessly attacked Russian ships and soldiers in Port Arthur Russia agreed to a humiliating peace treaty in 1905; gave the Liaodong Peninsula & southern part of Sakhalin island back to Japan; Japan had become a world power Pages 743-744 Russia took Port Arthur from China in 1898.