Chromosomally expressed RΔ-CTB is poorly immunogenic.

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Chromosomally expressed RΔ-CTB is poorly immunogenic. Chromosomally expressed RΔ-CTB is poorly immunogenic. (A) Genotype of an O139 serotype vaccine strain in which the entire CTX phage, including the recombination sites, as well as the tcpA gene, has been deleted. Two R→A mutations (R116A and R234A) were introduced into rbmA. CTB is genetically coupled to the 3′ end of rbmA and placed under the native rbmA promoter on the chromosome (cRΔ-CTB). (B) Western analysis of CTB fused to the C-terminal end of wild-type RbmA (WT) or an RbmA protein carrying the R116A and R234A point mutations (Δ) was detected in the V. cholerae cell pellet. (C) Quantification of cell-associated CTB in femtograms per cell when expressed from a plasmid or on the chromosome. (D) Vaccination scheme for the live attenuated vaccine. Open triangles indicate vaccination. Arrows indicate blood and stool sample collection. (E) Nanograms of LPS-specific antibodies per milliliter of serum or per microgram of total IgA in stool after immunization with a live attenuated vaccine strain expressing cRΔ-CTB. (F) Nanograms of CTB-specific antibodies per milliliter of serum or per microgram of total IgA in stool after immunization with a live attenuated vaccine strain expressing cRΔ-CTB. Error bars in panel C denote standard deviation. For panel C, * indicates P ≤ 0.05 using two-tailed, unpaired Student’s t test. For panels E and F, * indicates P ≤ 0.05 and **** indicates P ≤ 0.0001 using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test for multiple comparisons. Horizontal bars mark the mean. Each vaccination group included 10 mice. Julie Liao et al. mSphere 2018; doi:10.1128/mSphere.00245-18