Electronic Imaging Fundamentals: Digger Tooth Monitoring..any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic. Arthur C. Clark SEPTEMBER 2008 Presented by Barry T. Fryer Dudley (MBA {IT}; MSc {Image Analysis}

Background: To operate a digger the right number of teeth are important. Identification of a missing tooth by human inspectors prone to short and long term variations. Background: To operate a digger the right number of teeth are important. Identification of a missing tooth by human inspectors prone to short and long term variations. An automated tooth ID inspection system using a camera is proposed.

Requirement: Provide image analysis technology linked to a camera to count the number of teeth on a digger in real time, alarming to the operator when a tooth is removed. Now possible to remove the tooth from the load, preventing further damage. Requirement: Provide image analysis technology linked to a camera to count the number of teeth on a digger in real time, alarming to the operator when a tooth is removed. Now possible to remove the tooth from the load, preventing further damage.

Why do Image Analysis? u Better Definition of Contrasting Areas u Improved Precision/Accuracy in Measurements u Reproducibility of Results u Higher Throughput than Manual Methods

A Wo rd About Our Eyes u Eyes are very good contrast adjusters, but not good for distinguishing subtle variations in color u Eyes can discern about 30 continuous levels of gray or color in a field of view u Eyes are not good judges of distance u Eyes cannot accurately reproduce measurements

Which is BIGGER / LONGER???

Electronic Imaging Fundamentals Acquire Process Identify Analyze Report

Arguably, the most important aspect of all u Proper setup of imaging apparatus is vital u Obtain maximum contrast and dynamic range u Reduce noise and other unwanted artifacts u Uniform lighting (light) u Product presentation (right way up) u Resolution & Colour (CCTV VS DIGITAL) Acquiring the Image

Slide 9www.I-Cube.co.za u Lens u Image sensor u Digitizing u Pre-processing u Timing u Interface u PLC u Cat-5e u Ethernet cable u up to 100 m u Local I/Os: - Trigger input - Results output u Illumination control u Image Processing In PC u Illumination u (Lens Iris u Video) u Power Acquire

Thresholding an Image u Select appropriate morphometric characteristics u Identify regions of interest to analyse u Mask regions u Colour u Size u Shape u Intensity

All teeth present

1 st tooth missing Failure on: -Min Count - Defect detection

All teeth present Pass all on: - Location - Count - Defect detection

2nd tooth missing Fail on: - Count - Defect detection

2 nd tooth: portion missing Pass all on: - Location - 1 st Count FAILURE - Defect detection - 2 nd Count

Slide 16www.I-Cube.co.za Product Review u Image Analysis SOFTWARE and HARDWARE would be used to capture an image of the digger teeth. u The image would be processed to determine the expected number of teeth, the length and orientation. u If outside SPEC, Possible to have an audio and visual alarm on site or generated in the control room. u A report would be generated showing date, time, images etc.

SYSTEM DESIGN ItemPart NoQtyUnit PricePrice I-Cube Software1R 30, PSU1R Break out boxCON-IBOB1R 3, Ethernet CableCCB R 1, I/O CableCCB R 1, Visual and Audio Alarm1R 12, Telecentric LensTC23461R 9, Measurement design, configuration and verification (per day)2R 7,500.00R 15, Commissioning on site (per day)3R 7,500.00R 22, TotalR 96,310.98

COST IMPLICATIONS 1.Purchase (1 system) 2.Lease R per month 3.Cost per image (Transaction)

3 Payment Options Cost per transaction (no image received, no R 0.99 c Fixed monthly cost (same price regardless of no. of teeth checked) = R 3, Capital amount (no further R

SPIN OFFS 1.Real time up date images of the digger in operation 2.Receive notification of a broken tooth immediately 3.Real time enquiries via Web Site / SMS / 4.Driver link to digger via biometric now possible 5.Regulate digger violations 6.Increased awareness by the operator that he being monitored 7.Feedback reporting to operator associations 8.Illegal operation

Slide 21www.I-Cube.co.za In Summary All about tracking digger teeth, informing the operator of a lost tooth within seconds, changing user activities, combined with efficient workflow control, and increased accountability and profits, together with real time monitoring of digger operation.

Barry T. DUDLEY (MBA {IT}; MSc {Image Analysis}; BSc {Brewing}; BSc Hons {Waste Technology}) Cell: +27 (0) MADADENI PH +27 (0) Kloof Falls Rd Fax Kloof, Durban, Kwa-Zulu Natal, u..any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic. Arthur C. Clark Technical QUESTIONS: