Essential Standard 3.00: Summarize Plant Anatomy Plant Physiology Essential Standard 3.00: Summarize Plant Anatomy

Objective 3.01 Discuss biological terms used to describe plants.

Plant Sciences Biology-the branch of science that deals with both plant and animal organisms and life processes Zoology-the part of biology that deals with animals Botany the part of biology that deals with plants

Plant Sciences Applied plant sciences are based on the purposes for which the plants are grown Agronomy Forestry Horticulture

Agronomy The science and practice of growing field crops such as cotton, wheat, tobacco, corn and soybeans.

Forestry The science and practice of growing, managing and harvesting trees for building materials and other products.

Horticulture The science and practice of growing, processing and marketing fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants

Life Cycles of Plants Annual-a plant that completes its life cycle in one year Biennial-a plant that completes its life cycle in two years Perennial-a plant that lives more than two years

Leaf Retention Deciduous-loses leaves during the dormant season Evergreen-keeps leaves and remains green year-round

Plant Hormones Several types of hormones are used to help plants work more efficiently. Inhibitors cytokinins gibberellias auxins

Inhibitors Inhibitors hasten fruit ripening, retain seed germination and stem elongation.

Cytokinins Hormones that work with auxins to stimulate cell division.

Gibberellias Hormones that stimulate cell elongation, premature flowering, and breaking of dormancy.

Auxins Hormones that speed plant growth by stimulating cell enlargement

Moisture in Plants Turgid-plant is swollen or filled with moisture Wilted-plant is limp because it does not have enough moisture

Plant Growth Dormant A plant rest or grows very little Response to an adverse condition

Season Crop Type Cool Season Warm Season Plants relish cool weather Pansies grow best in spring or fall Warm Season Grow best in summer and early fall Zinnia Marigold Vinca Poinsettia

Objective 3.02 Discuss the anatomy and functions of plants.

Leaves-External Petiole-leaf stalk or part that connects the leaf to the stem Blade-the large, flat part of the leaf Midrib-the large center vein Veins-the structural framework of the leaf Margin-the edge of the leaf

Leaves-External

Leaves-Internal Upper and lower epidermis-skin of the leaf that prevents the loss of too much moisture Stomates-small openings under the leaf for breathing or transpiration Guard Cells-open and close stomates

Leaves-Internal Chloroplasts-small green particles that contain chlorophyll gives leaves their green color necessary for photosynthesis

Leaves-Internal

Leaves-Internal

Leaves-Functions Photosynthesis Respiration Transpiration process by which plants capture sunlight and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into food Respiration converts sugars and starches into energy Transpiration release of water vapor from the leaves of plants It also cools the plant

Leaves-Additions Sessile describes leaves without a petiole Example zinnia Bracts are modified leaves Example poinsettia Needles and scales are modified leaves Example pine tree

Leaves-Additions Glabrous leaves or stems have a smooth non-hairy feel Example southern magnolia Pubescent leaves or stems have a hairy feel Example African violet

Stems-External Lenticels-breathing pores Bud scale scars-show where terminal buds have been located Leaf Scars-show where leaves were attached Terminal bud-bud on the end of a stem Axillary or lateral bud-bud on side of stem

Stems-Internal Xylem-tissue that transports water and nutrients up from the roots to stems and leaves Phloem-tissue that transports food down from leaves to roots

Stems-Internal Phloem Phloem Xylem

Stems-Internal Cambium-thin, green, actively growing tissue located between bark and wood and produces all new stem cells Bark-old inactive phloem Heartwood-old inactive xylem Sapwood-new active xylem

Stems-Internal Bark Cambium Sapwood Heartwood

Stems-Internal Monocota-plant stems have vascular bundles that contain both xylem and phloem in each bundle examples: corn, grasses Dicata-plant stems have the phloem layer and xylem layer separated by cambium example: trees

Stems-Internal Monocot Dicot

Roots-External Root cap-indicates growth of new cells Root hairs-absorb moisture (water) and minerals Root images from a rice plant

Roots-Internal Much like stems in that they have a phloem, cambium, and xylem layer Phloem-the outer layer that carries food down the root Xylem-the inner layer that carries water and minerals up to the stem

Layers of Roots Fibrous-many branched shallow roots are easier to transplant Tap-long root with few branched ones more difficult to transplant

Flowers Sepals-Green parts that cover and protect flower bud before it opens Petals-are really leaves that are modified to attract insects for flower pollination, the pretty part that we call flowers Stamen-male part of the flower Pistil-female part of the flower

Flowers

Parts of the Stamen Filament-short stalk that holds up the anther Anther-a sac-like structure that contains pollen, the male sex cells

Parts of the Pistil Ovules-the eggs or female sex cells that become seeds if fertilized Ovary-if fertilized becomes a fruit or seed coat Style-holds up the stigma and connects it to the ovary Stigma-sticky part on top of style where insects leave pollen

Parts of the Pistil Stigma Style Ovary

Complete-vs-Incomplete Complete flowers have both male and female parts Incomplete flowers have only male or female parts

Flower Parts Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7G9Jozhr7H0

What are the functions of these plant parts?

Functions of Leaves Photosynthesis-manufactures food in green plants which is the beginning of the food chain for all living things Photosynthesis is the process by which carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light are converted to sugar and oxygen

Functions of Stems Translocation-moves water and minerals from roots up to the leaves and move food from the leaves down to the roots Supports branches, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds

Functions of Roots Absorption-take water and nutrients from the soil and conduct them to the stem Anchor the plant and hold it upright Store food for plant use Asexual reproduction in some plants

Functions of Flowers Produce seeds used for sexual reproduction Attract insects for pollination (Pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.) Produce fruit to protect, nourish and carry seeds

Objective 3.03 Discuss floriculture and landscape plants

Taxonomy The science of classifying and identifying plants Scientific names are used because the same common name is used for different plants in different areas of the world.

Karl von Linne Swedish botanist that developed the binomial system of naming plants using two Latin words to indicate the genus and species. Linne changed his name to the Latin name Carolus Linneaus.

Scientific Names Latin is the language used for scientific classification. The first word is the genus and the second word is the species. If there are additional words, they indicate a variety or cultivar.

Genus vs. Species Plants in the same genus have similar characteristics. Plants in the same species consistently produce plants of the same type.

Scientific Classification The broadest category of scientific classification is the Kingdom--either plant or animal. The broadest category in the plant kingdom is division or phylum.

Divisions The four most important divisions of the plant kingdom are: Thallophites; algae, fungi, and lichens Bryophytes; true mosses and liverwort Pteriophytes; ferns, horsetails and club mosses Spermatophytes; seed bearing or flowering plants

Spermatophytes Contains flowering or seed-bearing plants Two subdivisions are: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

Gymnosperms Are seeds not in an ovary (cone)

Angiosperms Are seeds enclosed in an ovary (flowering plants)

Common Plant Genus Pinus-Pine Acer-Maple Ilex-Holly Ficus-fig Cornus-dogwood Rhododendron-rhododendron Quercus-oak