Volume 3, Issue 1, Pages 48-53 (March 2019) Incidence of clinically evident isolated axillary nerve injury in 869 primary anatomic and reverse total shoulder arthroplasties without routine identification of the axillary nerve  Christa L. LiBrizzi, BS, Jorge Rojas, MD, Jacob Joseph, BS, Alexander Bitzer, MD, Edward G. McFarland, MD  JSES Open Access  Volume 3, Issue 1, Pages 48-53 (March 2019) DOI: 10.1016/j.jses.2018.12.002 Copyright © 2019 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Tug test (). The index finger is directed posteriorly in the subdeltoid space while the other index finger is placed medially into the subcoracoid space and over the axillary nerve. A gentle tug on the nerve with the subdeltoid index finger can be transmitted across the nerve and felt with the other index finger, confirming that the nerve has been correctly identified. (Reproduced with permission from Chalmers PN, Van Thiel GS, Trenhaile SW. Surgical exposures of the shoulder. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2016;24:250-8.) JSES Open Access 2019 3, 48-53DOI: (10.1016/j.jses.2018.12.002) Copyright © 2019 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Position of arm during humeral preparation in extension, adduction, and external rotation. JSES Open Access 2019 3, 48-53DOI: (10.1016/j.jses.2018.12.002) Copyright © 2019 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions