Measure distance of celestial bodies 이주원 정지혁 조완

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Group Tarenghi, Massimo, et al. "The Hercules supercluster. I-Basic data." The Astrophysical Journal 234 (1979): 793-801. http://physicsanduniverse.com/hubble-law-age-universe/

Measurement methods Standard candles Statistic method Cepheid variables Supernovae Statistic method Main sequence fitting Tully-Fisher relation Surface Brightness fluctuation

Cepheid Variables 𝑀=−2.76 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑃−1 −4.16 Surface atoms ionized Transparency increase Temperature increase Temperature decrease Transparency decrease Surface atoms unionized 𝑀=−2.76 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑃−1 −4.16 https://futurism.com/measuring-cosmic-distances

Type Ia supernovae 𝑀≈−17.5 https://strangequark.me/2012/02/03/pinwheel-galaxy-m101-supernova-light-curve/

Main sequence fitting https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagramme_de_Hertzsprung-Russell https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2002/cas-projects/denmark_m13_1/

Tully-Fisher relation 𝑀=−9.5 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑊 𝑅 −2.5 −21.67 𝑊 𝑅 is 𝑘𝑚/𝑠 unit Aaronson, M., et al. "A catalog of infrared magnitudes and HI velocity widths for nearby galaxies." The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 50 (1982): 241-262.

Surface brightness fluctuation http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/users/kud/teaching_15/10_SBF.pdf

New measurement methods Electromagnetic wave signal (EM wave) gravitational-wave & multi-messenger astronomy http://scienceon.hani.co.kr/?document_srl=420578 Gravitational wave signal (GW) http://ibooklove.dothome.co.kr/zbxe/board_book/493038

Standard Siren Standard candle Standard Siren The two objects rapidly spiral together  Cepheid variables Supernovae https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C_%EB%B3%80%EA%B4%91%EC%84%B1 http://scienceon.hani.co.kr/27838

Principle of Standard Siren Two-neutron-star binary system, 𝑓 100 Distance 𝑟 100 Angular momentum axis Angle ι elliptical polarization of GW Earth 𝑟 100 = 7.8 𝑓 100 −2 ( ℎ× 10 23 𝜏) −1 (ℎ: r.m.s. value of amplitude averaged over orientations) https://m.blog.naver.com/PostView.nhn?blogId=nnfcblog&logNo=60209708837&proxyReferer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F

LIGO’s measurement of H0 d= 43.8 −6.9 +2.9 Mpc 𝐻 0 = 70.0 −8.0 +12.0 km s−1 Mpc−1 LIGO Scientific Collaboration et al., A gravitational-wave standard siren measurement of the Hubble constant, Nature 551, 85 (2017).

Reference Zeilik, Michael, and Elske van Panhuys Smith. Introductory astronomy and astrophysics. Philadelphia: Saunders College Pub., c1987. 2nd ed. (1987). Karttunen, Hannu, et al., eds. Fundamental astronomy. Springer, 2016. LIGO Scientific Collaboration et al., A gravitational-wave standard siren measurement of the Hubble constant, Nature 551, 85 (2017). Bernard F. Schutz , Determining the Hubble constant from gravitational wave observations ,Nature 323, 25 (1986)