Created by C. Ippolito July 2007 Functional Groups 23.1 Introduction to Functional Groups 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers 23.3 Carbonyl Compounds 23.4 Polymerization 7/2/2019 Created by C. Ippolito July 2007

Introduction to Functional Groups Objectives Explain how organic compounds are classified Identify halocarbons and the IUPAC rules for naming halocarbons Describe how halocarbons can be prepared 7/2/2019 Created by C. Ippolito July 2007

Created by C. Ippolito July 2007 Functional Groups Compound Functional Group Halocarbon halogen Alcohol hydroxyl Ether ether Aldehyde carbonyl Ketone Carboxylic Acid carbonyl + hydroxyl Ester ester Amine amino Amide amide specific arrangements of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions used to classify organic compounds 7/2/2019 Created by C. Ippolito July 2007

Created by C. Ippolito July 2007 Halogen Substituents Halocarbons organic compounds containing covalently bonded fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine Alkyl Halide halogen attached to carbon of an aliphatic chain Aryl Halide halogen attached to a carbon of an arene ring 7/2/2019 Created by C. Ippolito July 2007

Created by C. Ippolito July 2007 Organic Reactions Substitution atom/group replaced with another usually H replaced by halogens 7/2/2019 Created by C. Ippolito July 2007

Created by C. Ippolito July 2007 Alcohols and Ethers Objectives Identify how alcohols are classified and named Predict the solubility of an alcohol varies with the length of its carbon chain Name the reactions of alkenes that may be used to introduce functional groups Construct the general structure of an ether and describe how ethers are named 7/2/2019 Created by C. Ippolito July 2007

Created by C. Ippolito July 2007 Alcohols organic compounds with the –OH (hydroxyl) functional group classified according to the number of R groups attached to the carbon with the –OH Primary Alcohol – only one R-group R-CH2-OH Secondary Alcohol – two R-groups attached Tertiary Alcohol – three R-groups attached 7/2/2019 Created by C. Ippolito July 2007

IUPAC Names for Alcohols Use IUPAC name dropping the –e ending of the parent alkane part of the name and adding the ending –ol give location of –OH lowest number multiple –OH groups known as diols, triols, tetrols, etc. 7/2/2019 Created by C. Ippolito July 2007

Properties of Alcohols Chain < 4 carbons soluble in water Chain > 4 carbons have lower solubility in water 2-propanol (isopropyl)- antiseptic 1,2-ethandiol (ethylene glycol) –antifreeze ethanol – produced by fermentation grain alcohol in beverages denatured alcohol ethanol with methanol added to make it TOXIC 7/2/2019 Created by C. Ippolito July 2007

Created by C. Ippolito July 2007 Addition Reactions atoms added across double/triple bond Hydrogenation – used to solidify liquid vegetable oils Hydration – add water across double bond forming an alcohol 7/2/2019 Created by C. Ippolito July 2007

Created by C. Ippolito July 2007 Ethers Compound in which oxygen is bonded to two carbon groups General Formula: R-O-R named using alkyl groups attached to oxygen in alphabetical order ethylmethyl ether CH3CH2-O-CH3 diethyl ether CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3 7/2/2019 Created by C. Ippolito July 2007

Created by C. Ippolito July 2007 Carbonyl Compounds Objectives Identify the structure of a carbonyl group as found in aldehydes and ketones Construct the general formula for carboxylic acids and explain how they are named Describe an ester Explain how dehydrogenation is an oxidation reaction 7/2/2019 Created by C. Ippolito July 2007

Created by C. Ippolito July 2007 Aldehyde / Ketone Carbonyl Group a carbon double covalent bonded to oxygen >C=O Aldehyde has at least 1 H on >C=O IUPAC name remove –e and replace with –al methanal (formaldehyde) – preservative ethanal (acetaldehyde) – “hangover” benzaldehyde – almond odor Ketone all C on >C=O IUPAC name remove –e and replace with –one propanone (acetone) – nail polish remover section 1 5/11 section 3 5/14 7/2/2019 Created by C. Ippolito July 2007

Created by C. Ippolito July 2007 Carboxylic Acids compound with a carboxyl group carboxyl group both a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group R-COOH IUPAC name remove –e ending replace with –oic acid Latin & Greek names for sources methanoic acid [1C] (formic) – ant ethanoic [2C] (acetic) – vinegar propanoic [3C] – butanoic [4C] – rest are not miscible in water “fatty acids” used to form “fats” with glycerol 7/2/2019 Created by C. Ippolito July 2007

Created by C. Ippolito July 2007 Esters derivative of carboxylic acid and alcohol –OH from carboxyl replaced by –O-R from alcohol R1-COO-R2 pleasant fruity odors used in fragrances section 2 5/11 7/2/2019 Created by C. Ippolito July 2007

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Less H on C-C the more OXIDIZED the organic compound More H on C-C the more REDUCED the organic compound Dehydrogenation loss of hydrogen oxidation reaction because loss of a hydrogen molecule is the loss of 2 electrons 7/2/2019 Created by C. Ippolito July 2007

Created by C. Ippolito July 2007 Polymerization Objectives Describe how addition polymers are formed Describe how condensation polymers are formed 7/2/2019 Created by C. Ippolito July 2007

Created by C. Ippolito July 2007 Polymers Polymer large molecule formed by covalently repeating bonding smaller molecules (monomers) Addition Polymers formed when unsaturated monomers react Condensation Polymers head to tail monomer joining with the removal of a water molecule 7/2/2019 Created by C. Ippolito July 2007

Created by C. Ippolito July 2007 Addition Polymers Polyethylene softer plastic plastic bottles and bags Polypropylene harder plastic utensils and dishes Polystyrene rigid foam insulation Polyvinyl chloride very hard plastic plumbing pipes Polytetrafluoroethene Teflon “slick” surfaces Polyisoprene rubber 7/2/2019 Created by C. Ippolito July 2007

Condensation Polymers Polyester polyethylene terephthalate Dacron Fortrel Terylene Polyamides nylon nomex flame resistant fabrics Kevlar bullet proof fabric proteins 7/2/2019 Created by C. Ippolito July 2007