Trained innate immunity and resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection  V.A.C.M. Koeken, A.J. Verrall, M.G. Netea, P.C. Hill, R. van Crevel  Clinical Microbiology and Infection  DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.02.015 Copyright © 2019 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Schematic overview of BCG-induced trained immunity. After BCG is taken up by the monocyte, it is recognized by the NOD2 receptor, which upon activation induces epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of the cell, including H3K4 trimethylation [23]. These epigenetic and metabolic changes lead to an enhanced, non-specific response to a subsequent infection through an increased production of cytokines and reactive oxygen species [28]. Abbreviations: BCG, bacillus Calmette–Guérin; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-α. Clinical Microbiology and Infection DOI: (10.1016/j.cmi.2019.02.015) Copyright © 2019 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions