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Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Plasma Assisted Combustion and Ignition Direct Control of Flame Behavior and Chemistry Gabe Xu, Ph.D. Associate Professor Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering February 22, 2019

What is Plasma 4th state of matter ~99% of known universe Gas with separate positive and negative charged particles Electrically conductive Responds to external electromagnetic fields Obtained by super heating/energizing a gas M87 supermassive galaxy in Virgo constellation. Center is supermassive black hole that emits relativistic plasma jet 5,000 light years long.

Plasma Electrodynamics and Research Lab (PERL) Atmospheric Plasma Nanomaterial synthesis Diode pumped laser gain medium Bio and soft material treatment

Plasma Electrodynamics and Research Lab (PERL) Miniature electric propulsion Split-ring resonator ion engine Use 3D printing for EP Plasma Assisted Combustion (PAC) Electric field flame response Instability damping At the Plasma and Electrodynamics Lab we work in three main areas. In-space micro propulsion for small satellites. We are using modern manufacturing techniques to build and test a printable plasma generator for using in a 3D printed micro thruster. (LEFT) One of the split-ring resonators operating in vacuum. The pink glow is plasma generation. (Middle) A solid model of a proposed thruster design. The overall dimensions are 1 in. diameter and 1.5 in. long. (Right) A Cubesat, which is the one of the target uses for this technology. Atmospheric plasmas. In addition to studying their basic physics, we are investigating the synthesis of nanomaterials. This would be an advantage over current vacuum plasma methods due to the lack of the expensive vacuum system. (Left) Photo of the system running with plasma jet coming out. (Right) SEM images of our deposited carbon nanospheres through breakdown of CH4. Plasma assisted combustion. Study how electromagnetic fields interact with combustion chemistry. Seeking to find way to improve combustion efficiency and control. (Top) High-speed images over 136 ms of a diffusion flame under no electric field showing a laminar flame with regular fluctuations. (Bottom) 360 ms time lapse at 10 kV electric field showing significant turbulent flame structures and no regularity.

Combustion Chemistry Combustion is simply reaction of molecules that produce heat CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + heat But not actually that direct. Actually bunch of smaller reactions O2 → 2O CH4 + O → OH + CH3 Reaction controlled by temperature, pressure, and concentrations of species Normally you can only control T and P, but with plasma, can possibly control species

PAC and PAI Hydrocarbon flames naturally generate charged particles Flames considered weakly ionized plasma 2 ways to affect combustion Passive: Use existing ions and electrons Active: Generate additional ion, electrons, and neutral species (O, OH, etc)

E Field Damping of Instabilities Combustion instabilities potentially damaging to engines Thermoacoustic instabilities couple flame dynamics to chamber acoustics Most damping mechanism affect acoustics or fluid flow What about heat release fluctuations? (chemistry) (Lieuwen and Yang, Prog. Astro. & Aero., 2005) ? (Yang and Anderson, Prog. Astro. & Aero., 1995)

Instability Damping in Rijke Tube PCB transducer Steady premix flame Unsteady premixed flame

Instability Damping in Rijke Tube Unsteady flame due to thermoacoustics Re-stabilized flame High Voltage

Results 1st experimental demonstration of E field active damping of thermoacoustic instabilities Work done entirely by undergraduate student Published in Journal of Propulsion and Power Henderson, Xu, JPP, V34, No1, 2018 Turbulent flames harder to dampen Strong function of electrode size and location

Looking Forward PAC and PAI can improve combustion Most work at atmospheric pressure Need higher pressure results for practical engine conditions New areas of interest Control of engine ignition delay Plasma enhanced RDEs for modern fuels

PAI for Diesel Ignition Control Diesel fuel tester at UA

Plasma-Enhanced RDE Rotating detonation engine (RDE) Moving shockwave in annulus compresses and burns propellant Operation from subsonic to supersonic flow Higher efficiency and lower weight than modern engines (Aerojet-Rocketdyne)

Plasma-Enhanced RDE Ground based gas turbines use CH4+air, and jet engines use air + jet fuel RDE channel width ~3 x detonation cell size H2 + O2: cell size ~ 1.5 mm H2 + air: cell size ~ 15 mm Hydrocarbons (CH4 and jet fuel): cell size ~ 10’s cm Can’t be used in small RDEs, large ones loose compactness benefit Plasma discharge can make it work in small RDE Similar as diesel PAI, generate extra combustion species (Aerojet-Rocketdyne)

Ionic Wind Body Force + - + - n Bulk flow