Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 9 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Body Growth in Middle Childhood Slow, regular pattern Girls shorter and lighter until about age 9 Lower portion of body growing fastest Bones lengthen Muscles very flexible All permanent teeth arrive

Common Health Problems in Middle Childhood Vision - Myopia Hearing - Otitis media (middle ear infection) Malnutrition Obesity Illnesses Injuries

Causes of Obesity in Middle Childhood Overweight parents Low SES Parents’ feeding practices Low physical activity Television Cultural food environment

Deaths from Injuries, North American Children, Ages 5–19

Motor Development in Early Childhood Gross Motor Skills Improvements: Flexibility Balance Agility Force Fine Motor Skills Gains: Writing Drawing

Physical Play Development in Middle Childhood Games with Rules Sports Invented Games Video Games Adult-organized sports Physical Education

Piaget’s Theory: Achievements of the Concrete Operational Stage Conservation Decentration Reversibility Classification Seriation Transitive inference Spatial Reasoning Directions Maps

Key Information Processing Improvements Increase in information-processing capacity Gains in cognitive inhibition Both may be related to brain development

Attention in Middle Childhood Attention becomes more: Selective Adaptable Planful ADHD

Development of Memory Strategies Rehearsal – early grade school Organization – early grade school Knowledge base helps organization Elaboration – end of middle childhood Meaningful chunks of information

Information Processing and Academic Learning Reading Whole-language approach Basic-skills approach Mathematics Drill “Number sense”

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Logico-mathematical Musical Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Naturalist Interpersonal Intrapersonal

Explaining Differences in IQ Genetics Accounts for about half of differences Environment SES Culture Communication styles Cultural bias in test content

Language Development in Middle Childhood Vocabulary Increases fourfold during school years 20 new words a day Grammar Passive voice Infinitive phrases Pragmatics Adjust to people and situations Phrase requests to get what they want

Learning Two Languages Bilingual Development Learn both languages at the same time Learn first language, then second Sensitive period - childhood Bilingual Education Language immersion Bilingual education

Academic Achievement and Class Size

Educational Philosophies and Practices Traditional v. Open Classrooms New Directions Theory Reciprocal teaching Teacher-student Interaction Self-fulfilling prophesies Grouping for learning

Teaching Children with Special Needs Learning Difficulties Mainstreaming Gifted Talented Divergent thinking and creativity