Practical Pharmaceutical Orientation Glasswares in liquid measurement & Containers and closures Lab(3) Shahen S. Mohammed BSC Pharmacy MSc Pharmaceutics

Common glasswares in liquid measurement

Beaker It is a glass object used for holding, stirring and mixing fluid in a laboratory setting.

Conical flask It has a spot of ground glass where it can be labeled with a pencil. It differs from the beaker in its tapered body and narrow neck. The mouth or opening is used for pouring solutions and may be closed with a stopper in order to store samples.`

Graduated cylinder It is also known as a measuring cylinder is a piece of laboratory equipment used to accurately measure the volume of an object. Graduated cylinders are generally more accurate and precise for this purpose than flasks and beakers.

Volumetric flask It is used for precise dilutions and making solutions to a known volume.

Pipette It is a laboratory instrument used to transport a measured volume of liquid.

Burettes It measures from the top since they are used to dispense known amounts of liquid in Experiments for which precision is necessary. The difference between starting and final volume is the amount dispensed.

Mortar and pestle It is a tool used to crush, grind, and mix solid substances.

Funnel It is used to channel liquid or fine-grained substances into containers with a small opening. Without a funnel, spillage would occur.

Spatula It is a small implement having a broad, flat, flexible blade that is used to mix, and transfer material. (usually in powdered form)

Containers and closures

Containers and closures  CONTAINER: A device in which the drug is enclosed and it is in direct contact with the drug. CLOSURE: It is a device which seals the container to exclude oxygen, carbon dioxide, moisture, microorganisms and prevent the loss of volatile substances.

Containers and closures Desirable features   1. The container must be rigid enough to prevent damage to the contents, like fracture of tablets and crushing of capsules. 2. The materials of construction must not react with the contents. 3. It must not be difficult to abstract the contents or to empty the container completely.

4. For many products, protection from light must be given. 5 4. For many products, protection from light must be given. 5. Medications or adjuncts must not be absorbed by the container materials. 6. It must be easy to label to container correctly. 7. It must have a pharmacologically elegant appearance.

The closure must prevent: Access of moisture e.g. to moisture sensitive tablets and because their shells are hygroscopic, to capsule. Loss of moisture from creams and from water-containing ointments and pasts. Unintentional escape of the contents.  Entry of dirt or other contaminants such as odorous vapors that might cause tainting. The closure must be easily removed and replaced.

Types of container: Well closed container: this container protects the contents from loss during transportation, handling, storage and sale. Single dose container: this container is used to supply only one of medicament. Example; ampules. Multi dose container: this container allows the withdrawal of dose at various interval. Example; vials. Light resistant container: this container protects the medicament from harmful effect of light. This container is used to store those materials that are photo sensitive.

Airtight container: They are used to protect the containers from atmospheric contamination of liquids, solids or vapors. Hermetically sealed container: They do not allow the air and other gases to pass through them. These are generally used for injectibles.

Experiment Measure 10 ml of water by using three different volumetric apparatus. Discus the difference between them in measuring accuracy.