Electricity Chapter 17.4

Electric Circuits Circuits control the movement of electric current by providing paths for electrons to follow. The path of an electric circuit is a closed pathway.

An electric circuit allows electrons to flow from a negative pole (excess electrons) to a positive pole (deficient in electrons)

All circuits need three basic parts: Electric Circuits All circuits need three basic parts: (1) an energy source (2) wires and (3) the object that is going to change the electrical energy into another form of energy (load). Energy Source Wire Students do not have to know load specifically, but it is easier to say load instead of always saying “object that converts the electrical energy into other forms” Load

Parts of an Electric Circuit Energy source-can be a battery, a photocell, thermocouple, or an electric generator at a power plant. Wires-connect the other parts of a circuit. Wires are made of conducting materials that have low resistance such as copper.

Loads-change the electrical energy into other forms of energy which include: Thermal Energy Light Energy Mechanical Energy

Sometimes a circuit also contains a switch that is used to open and close a circuit. Loads create resistance when they change energy from one form to another.

Connections in a Circuit Electrons flow from negative to positive; therefore, a complete circuit must have wires that connect the negative pole of the energy source to the positive pole of the energy source. The circuit is established when there is a continuous path for electricity to travel from one end of the energy source to the other end.

The illustrations below show four ways in which a simple circuit can be made.

Series Circuit In a Series Circuit there is only one path for the electric current or electricity to flow. All of the loads in a series circuit share the same current. Because the current in each bulb is the same, the lights in the circuit glow with the same brightness (power) if they have the same resistance.

If there is any break in the circuit, the charges will stop flowing. When you add more bulbs in a series circuit, the resistance would increase so the current would decrease and the bulbs would be dimmer (less power) To find the total resistance of a series circuit add the resistance of all the items (R1 + R2 + R3 +… = Rtotal)

Parallel Circuit In a Parallel Circuit there is more than one path for the electric current or electricity to flow. The electric current branches so that electrons flow through each of the paths If one path is broken, electrons continue to flow to the other paths

“Electricity takes the path of least resistance” Each load in a parallel circuit uses the same voltage. Because each bulb uses the full voltage, each bulb glows at full brightness

Comparing Series & Parallel The load in a parallel circuit will still work if one of the loads is broken or missing. You can use one load at a time, even it another load fails. In a Series circuit, the current has to travel through each bulb; therefore, adding more light bulbs makes each bulb dimmer Another advantage of a Parallel circuit is that you can connect loads that need different currents to the same parallel circuit. For example, you can connect a hair dryer, which needs a high current to run, to the same circuit as a lamp, which needs less current to run.

The main function of resistors in a circuit is to control the flow of current to other components. Take an LED (light) for example. If too much current flows through an LED it is destroyed. So a resistor is used to limit the current.