Airports And ATC Written for the Notre Dame Pilot Initiative By the Pilots of the University of Notre Dame “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

History of Airports Flying Circles Circular fields Allowed for takeoff and landings in any direction White gravel circle 50 to 100 ft in diameter marked middle of airfield Distinguished it from field used for livestock Airport names painted on the tops of buildings “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

“Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Airport Lighting Runway Edge lights Three ways to ID runway at night: Single row of white lights on either side of runway edge If Instrument Runway Yellow for last 2,000 feet (or half, whichever is less) Three types: HIRLs MIRLs LIRLs Three ways to ID runway at night: Displaced threshold lighting – green lights on either side to indicate beginning of runway Row of green lights Row of red lights REILs “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Airport Lighting In – Runway Lighting Taxiway Lighting Centerline, touchdown zone, and taxiway turnoff lights Centerline Lights White until 3,000 ft 3,000 – 1,000 ft. alternating red and white Last 1,000 ft. RED Taxiway Lighting Blue lights that line both side of taxiway Omni directional Can be green “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Airport Lighting “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Lighting Continued… “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Pilot Controlled Lighting System by which pilot activates airport lighting from aircraft’s PTT switch or mike. Used at non-controlled airports Keyed mike 7 times – high intensity 5 times - medium 3 times – low Can control VASI and PAPI systems along with the REILS and the Approach lighting system. “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

VASI and PAPI Visual Approach Path Indicator (VASI) Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) 2 or 3 bar configurations and tri-color Safe obstruction clearance within 10° of runway centerline and 4 nm from threshold “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Alternating Red/Green Light Gun Signals Color and Type Aircraft on Surface Aircraft in Flight Steady Green Cleared for takeoff Cleared to Land Flashing Green Cleared to taxi Return for Landing Steady Red Stop Give way to other aircraft and continue circling Flashing Red Taxi clear of runway Airport unsafe – do not land Flashing White Return to starting point on airport N/A Alternating Red/Green Exercise Extreme Caution “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Airport Beacons Four Types Used to ID airports at night Civilian Water Military Airport Heliport Used to ID airports at night Daylight Operation <1,000 ft. and 3 miles visibility – which is what??? “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Airport Traffic Pattern Established to ensure proper traffic flow in and out of the airport Standard Pattern 5 legs Always left hand traffic pattern – unless stated otherwise “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Traffic Pattern “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Wind Direction Indicators Calm Wind Runway Preferred runway when wind less than 5 kts Wind Sock Most common wind indicator Wind intensity indicated by straightness of sock Wind Tee Sometimes locked in place to show active runway Unable to indicate wind intensity Tetrahedron “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Wind Direction Indicators “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Segmented Circle 5 23 Right Traffic Left Traffic for runway 5 Final Final Base Base Elephant Path Airport, Perkasie, PA (PS03) 5 23 “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Segmented Circle “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO) Includes landings and holding short of intersecting runways, taxiways, or some other designated point on a runway. Controlled Airports Clearance given by ATC Can decline LAHSO clearance SAFETY FIRST “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

LAHSO 18 27 9 36 “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

LAHSO “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Wake Turbulence Wingtip vortices are created only when an airplane develops lift Greatest strength: heavy, clean & slow “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Wake Turbulence Tend to sink and drift with wind Fly above and upwind of flight path of large jet/aircraft Most dangerous is light, quartering tailwind “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Wake Turbulence “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Taxiing in the Wind Proper use of aileron and elevators helps maintain control of airplane Taxiing in quarter headwind Aileron up on side from which wind is blowing, neutral elevator Taxiing in quartering tailwind Hold aileron down on the side from which the wind is blowing, and hold elevator down Most critical for tail wheel aircraft “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Taxing in the Wind “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Taxiing in Wind “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Collision Avoidance Risk of collision exists for all pilots – MUST TAKE PRECAUTIONS Most mid-air collisions take place when? 5NM airport on clear VFR days Scanning techniques Short 10° spaced sectored eye movements Clock positions Aircraft lighting (day/night) Aircraft blind spots High wing Low wing “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Aircraft Lighting Navigation Lights Anti-Collision Lights Red – Left Wing Green – Right Wing White – Tail Anti-Collision Lights Red rotating beacon - Fuselage White strobe lights – Wings “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Aircraft Lighting *Note: cannot see green/red nav lights from rear “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Airplane Blind Spots “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Other Blind Spots “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Collision Avoidance ATC Services Airport Operations Flight following Operation Lights On –FAA Landing lights on for DEP and ARR Operating within 10 nm day and night Clearing Turns “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”