Respiratory

Functions Provides the structures for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body through respirations Responsible for the production of sound, (the larynx contains the vocal cords).

Upper: Nasal cavity Lower: Nares/Septum Trachea Pharynx Bronchi Respiratory System Upper: Nasal cavity Nares/Septum Pharynx Epiglottis Larynx Lower: Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

Nasal Cavity Nasal cavity – space behind the nose 3 Regions: - Vestibular region - Olfactory region - Respiratory region Nasal septum= divides nasal cavities into right and left sides Turbinates are bones that protrude into the nasal cavity- they increase surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles by the mucous membrane Cilia- the hairs in your nose, trap larger dirt particles

Sinuses Cavities in the skull, ducts connect them to the nasal cavity, lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the air -Frontal -Maxillary -Ethmoid -Sphenoid Sinuses give resonance to the voice

Common passageway for air and food 5” (inches)long Pharynx The throat Common passageway for air and food 5” (inches)long When food is swallowed, the epiglottis closes over the opening to the larynx, preventing food from entering the lungs

Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Pharynx Throat Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx/ hypopharynx 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

* Triangular chamber below pharynx Larynx * Voice box * Triangular chamber below pharynx * Within the larynx are vocal chords (glottis) * Adam’s apple Air is expelled from the lungs it passes over the vocal cords and produces sound

Trachea (Windpipe) 4 ½ inch long Walls are alternate bands of membrane and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage- to keep trachea open Lined with ciliated mucous membrane Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden mucous

Lower end of trachea divides into right and left bronchus. As they enter lungs, subdivide into bronchial tubes (trees) and bronchioles Bronchi- similar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage Bronchi – both lower ends of trachea Bronchus – either right bronchus or left bronchus B r o n c h i

Bronchioles Bronchial tubes- cartilaginous plates (instead of c-shaped rings) Bronchioles - thinner walls of smooth muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium At the end, alveolar duct and cluster of alveoli

At the end, alveolar duct and cluster of alveoli Composed of a single layer of epithelial tissue Inner surfaces covered with surfactant- to keep alveoli from collapsing Each alveolus surrounded by capillaries O2 and CO2 exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries

Lungs Fill thoracic cavity Upper part= apex Lower part = base Base fits snugly over diaphragm Lung tissue porous and spongy- it floats Right lung = * larger and shorter * displaced by the liver * has 3 lobes Left lung = * smaller *displaced by the heart * has only 2 lobes

Pleura Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers lungs Double-walled sac (parietal, visceral membranes) Space is pleural cavity- filled with pleural fluid to prevent friction

Mediastinum (interpleural space) - Located between the lungs - Contains the thoracic viscera A septum or cavity between two principal portions of an organ

Breathing Inspiration PULMONARY VENTILATION Intercoastal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward- this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in PULMONARY VENTILATION

Respiration Inspiration Expiration Air enters the body and passes to the air sacs of the lungs (alveoli) Expiration Opposite action takes place Exhalation is a passive process Expels the carbon dioxide from the alveoli of the lungs

Diaphragm from the muscular system! Helps with breathing

Respiratory Movements 1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration Normal adult = 14-20 respirations per minute Newborn = 40-60 per minute Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases Sleep = less respirations Emotion can increase or decrease rate

Coughing- deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air- to clear lower respiratory tract Hiccups- spasm of the diaphragm and spasmotic closure of the glottis- irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve

Sneezing- air forced through nose to clear upper respiratory tract Yawning- deep prolonged breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the blood

Control of Breathing Breathing controlled by neural and chemical factors Neural Factors Respiratory center located in medulla oblongata Increased CO2 or decreased O2 in the blood will trigger respiratory center Phrenic nerve- stimulates the diaphragm http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHupiKNBZ84

Control of breathing What does the Phrenic Nerve do? Neural Factors What does the Phrenic Nerve do? Stimulates the diaphragm a nerve that originates in the neck and passes down between the lung and heart to reach the diaphragm. It is important for breathing

Control of Breathing Chemical Factors Depends on the levels of CO2 in the blood Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2

Lung capacity and volume – describe various lung volumes Spirometer – apparatus for measuring the volume of air inspired and expired Vital lung capacity – maximum amount of air a person can expel Residual volume- air still remaining in the lungs after the most forcible expiration

Tidal volume – air moved into or out of the lungs Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) Pulmonary Functions Test (PFTs)

Types of breathing Apnea - suspension of external breathing Dyspnea - sensation of difficulty breathing Eupnea - normal, good, unlabored ventilation Hyperpnea - increased depth of breathing (after exercise) Orthopnea – SOB while lying down Tachypnea – rapid breathing Hyperventilation - overbreathing

Model Lungs Need to include Supplies Place on small paper plate Trachea Bronchial Tree Bronchi Right – all lobes lung Left Lung sliced to include bronchioles and aveoli Supplies Play dough (2 different colors) Straw and stirring straws Twist ties Place on small paper plate