ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN, SECOND, AND INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE (EFL, ESL, EIL) Indawan Syahri 6/9/2019

FUNCTIONS OF ENGLISH IN NON-NATIVE COUNTRIES English as a Second Language (ESL) English as a Foreign Language (EFL) English as an International Language (EIL) 6/9/2019

GEBHARD (2000:2-3): EFL VS ESL EFL is English as studied by people who live in places where English is not the first language of the people who live in the country, such as in Italy, Saudi Arabia, and Korea. In EFL contexts, the population is homogeneous in many ways; e.g., all the students might share a similar history of being Korean, German, or Egyptian. ESL is English as studied by people who speak other languages as their first languages- such as Spanish, Arabic, or Chinese – but live in places where English is the first language. In ESL contexts, students from a great variety of countries can be found in the same ESL classroom, for English learned by Bangladesh, Japan, Kenya, etc. 6/9/2019

KACHRU (1995; in MCKAY, 2002:10) Expanding Circle Outer Circle e.g.: China, Japan, Germany 100-1000 million e.g.: India, the Philippines, Singapore 150-300 million Inner Circle e.g.: USA, UK, Australia 320-380 million Inner Circle = L1 Outer Circle = ESL Expanding Circle = EFL 6/9/2019

WHAT IS AN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE? A language that has a larger number of native speakers. A language of wider communication among individuals from one country. In this sense, English is an International language in both a global and a local sense. Global status, it develops a special role that is recognized in every country. In short, international language is one which used by people of different nations to communicate with one another. 6/9/2019

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF AN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE? Its learners do not need to internalize the cultural norms of native speakers of that language. The ownership of an international language becomes ‘de-nationalized’. The educational goal of learning it is to enable learners to communicate their ideas and culture to others. 6/9/2019

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE AND CULTURE WARRANT In a global sense English is used for international communication and in a local sense as a language of wider communication within multilingual societies As it is an international language, the use of English is no longer connected to the culture of Inner Circle countries. As a international language in a local sense, English becomes embedded in the culture of the country in which it is used. As English is an international language in a global sense, one of its primary function is to enable speakers to share with others their ideas and cultures. 6/9/2019

REASONS FOR THE SPREAD OF ENGLISH Crystal (1997 in McKay, 2002:16-17) International organizations: of 12,000 international organizations listed in the 1995-1996 Union of International associations’ Yearbook, approximately 85% make official use of English. Motion pictures: in the mid-1990s, the US controlled about 85% of the world film market. Popular music: of the pod groups listed in The Penguin Encyclopedia of Popular Music, 99% of the groups work entirely or predominantly in English. International travel: the US is the leader in tourism earning and spending. Publications: more books are published in English than in any other language. Communications: about 80% of the world’s electronically stored information is in English. Education: in many countries English plays a significant role in higher education. 6/9/2019

DEFINING A NATIVE SPEAKER Who are native speakers of English? A great variety of interpretations, among others: That English must be the first language learned. That the speaker involves the continued use of English in that person’s life. That the speaker who has a high level of competence in English. 6/9/2019

FEATURES OF BEING NATIVE SPEAKERS Rampton (1990): A particular language is inherited, either through genetic endowment or through birth into the social group stereotypically associated with it. Inheriting a language means being able to speak it well. People either are or are not native/mother-tongue speakers. Being a native speaker involves the comprehensive grasp of a language. Just as people are usually citizens of one country, people are native speakers of one mother tongue. 6/9/2019

MODEL OF THE CHANGING PATTERNS IN THE USE OF ENGLISH (FROM GRADDOL, 1997 in MCKAY, 2002:32) 750 million EFL speakers 375 million L2 speakers 325 million L1 speakers Possible language shift 6/9/2019

Questions! What do you think English in Indonesia? ESL, EFL, or EIL? What do the teachers of English (non-native speakers of English) have to do to see these phenomena? Why do we have to learn TEFL? 6/9/2019