The Early Republic (1789-1820)

1. The emergence of political parties 2. The Louisiana Purchase, the War of 1812, and the Hartford Convention (1814) 3. The Missouri Compromise   4. The Monroe Doctrine

FEDERALISTS George Washington (1789-1797) John Adams, 1797-1801) ANTI-FEDERALISTS Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) James Madison (1809-1817) James Monroe (1817-1825),

George Washington (1789-1796) Creation of the judiciary system by Congress Supervise the settlement of territories previously held by Britain and Spain Stabilize the north-western frontier, and Oversee the admission of three new states: Vermont (1791), Kentucky (1792), and Tennessee (1796). In his Farewell Address of 1796, he warned the nation to "steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world." =  avoid entangling alliances and not get involved in their constant wars.

The First Political Party system FEDERALISTS REPUBLICANS/DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS or JEFFERSONIAN REPUBLICANS Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson Conservatives Northern urban mercantile interests Agricultural interests/South Support of a strong government, strong military Little need of a strong central goverment, weak military Good relations with England Good relations with France Ex: creation of the Bank of the US

Jay’s Treaty, 1795 Secure the withdrawal of British soldiers from western forts but allow the British to continue the fur trade with the Indians in the Northwest. London agreed to pay damages for American ships and cargoes seized in 1793 and 1794, but made no commitments on possible future seizures. London granted some rights to trade with British possessions in India and the Caribbean, in exchange for American limits on the export of cotton. Yet, failed to put an end to British "impressment" (forced recruitment) of American sailors into the Royal Navy Supported by the Federalists

Quasi-War with France, 1798-1800 Violation of the 1778 Treaty of Alliance The French began to seize American ships trading with their British enemies and broke up diplomatic relations. "XYZ Affair," = French agents demanded a bribe ($12 million) for the restoration of diplomatic relations with the United States. Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798: The Alien Act = alien resident considered "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States to be deported The Sedition Act = a crime to publish "false, scandalous, and malicious writing" against the government or its officials. The Naturalization Act = the duration of residence required for aliens to become citizens, extended from 5 to 14 years. The Alien Enemies Act = deport resident aliens if their home countries were at war with the United States

Thomas Jefferson, 1801-1809 Promised "a wise and frugal government" that would preserve order among the inhabitants but leave people "otherwise free to regulate their own pursuits of industry, and improvement." Main author of the Declaration of Independence Washington’s First Secretary of State + Adams’ Vice President in 1797  Signed the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves was signed into law by Jefferson on March 2, 1807 (owned around 175 slaves) Commissioned the Lewis and Clark Expedition after the Louisiana Purchase

The British colonies in 1763

The Second War of Independence The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) > famous Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 = Royal Navy defeated a Franco- Spanish fleet Proclamation ordering British warships to leave US territorial waters 1807, Embargo Act 1809, Non-Intercourse Act US declared war to Britain in June 1812 Peace signed in 1814

The 1814 Hartford Convention = the limits of the Constitution Prohibiting any trade embargo lasting over 60 days; Requiring a two-thirds Congressional authority for any declaration of war, admission of a new state, or interdiction of foreign commerce; Removing the three-fifths representation advantage of the slaveholding South; Limiting future Presidents to one term; Requiring each future President to be from a different state than his predecessor.

How did a territory become a state? Article IV, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution empowers Congress to grant statehood The territory holds a referendum vote to determine the people's desire for or against statehood. The territory petitions the U.S. Congress for statehood. The territory is required to adopt a form of government and constitution that are in compliance with the U.S. Constitution. The U.S. Congress pass, by a simple majority vote, a joint resolution accepting the territory as a state. The Pt signs the joint resolution and the territory is acknowledged as a U.S. state.

THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE In 1819 Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state. A member of the House of Representatives, James Tallmadge, offered an amendment that prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and the emancipation (at age 25) of all slaves' children born in Missouri after it became a state. Inequality of representation in the House: 105 in the North/ 81 in the South. Compromise (Henry Clay) in 1821: Maine (carved out of Massachusetts) = a free state Missouri = a slave state Balance to 12/12 Slavery was banned in the rest of the Missouri territory north of the 36° 30' line (excluding the Missouri state).

The Monroe Doctrine Monroe's presidency (1817-1825) was called “the era of good feelings” = no opposition for the Democratic- Republicans 1815 = Holy Alliance (Austria, Russia, Prussia)= intervene in countries where popular movements threatened monarchies and help each other suppress these revolutions in Europe. 1822 = HA help Spain suppress rebellions in its American colonies 1823 = « The American continents … are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. » = Washington’s Farewell Address